Duhok Polytechnic University

Duhok Technical College of Engineering

Dept: Petrochemical Engineering

Ibrahim Dewali
Stage 4th

Catalyst Science & Technology Lab.

𝟒𝒕𝒉 Year
By Dr. Farhad & Mr. Mohammd
Email: Mohammed.babaker@uoz.edu.krd
 Lab. Grading Scheme
Groups:
Each class is divided into two groups. Each groups A & B
sub-divided into 5 groups. A single pre-lab write-up and
lab report are to be submitted per group.
Lab. Marks Distribution
No. Activity Marks Note
1. Lab notebook & Lab report: 3
2. Assignments & activity (Posters) 4
3. Attendance & lab work 1
4. Quiz 2
5. Pre-Final 10
6. Final 30
 Report Marking
The lab report marks are distributed as follows
(out of 3):

No. Activity Mark Note

1. Purpose of experiments 0.5

2. Detailed program listings (Methods): 0.5

3. Results ,graphs, calculations etc: 1

4. Discussion & Conclusions: 1

 Lab Weights
 Exp. (1) Decomposition of 𝐇𝟐 𝐎𝟐 by 𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐
 Exp. (2) Enzyme Experiments
 Exp. (3) Determination of adsorption isotherm of acetic
acid on activated charcoal.
 Exp. (4) The Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic Activity
 Exp. (5) Cracking of Paraffin
 Exp. (6) The affect of pH on enzyme
 Exp. (7) Catalysts and Oxygen
 Exp. (8) Inhibition of Hydrogen Peroxide
 Exp. (9) Catalysis of the reaction between zinc and
sulfuric acid
 Exp. (10) Decomposition of 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 by KI
 Exp. (11) Autocatalytic
 Types of Exams
 Written Exams
 Oral Exams
 Practical Exams

Pattern of Questions
 Explain
 True & False
 Multiple Choice
 Numerate
 Mathematic
 Graph & Plot
 Short Answer
 Catalysts and Catalysis
Catalyst: any substance that increases the rate of a
reaction without itself being consumed.
Enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts
responsible for many essential biochemical
reactions.
‫ االنزيمات هي محفزات تحدث بشكل طبيعي‬.‫ أي مادة تزيد من معدل التفاعل دون استهالكها‬:‫محفز‬
.‫مسؤولة عن العديد من التفاعالت الكيميائية الحيوية األساسية‬

Catalysis: is the process of increasing the rate of a

chemical reaction by adding a substance known
as a catalyst.
.‫ هو عملية زيادة معدل التفاعل الكيميائي عن طريق إضافة مادة تعرف باسم المحفز‬:‫الحفز الكيميائي‬
Most solid catalysts are metals or the oxides,
sulfides, and halides of metallic elements and of
the semimetallic elements boron, aluminum, and
silicon. Gaseous and liquid catalysts are commonly
used in their pure form or in combination with
suitable carriers or solvents; solid catalysts are
commonly dispersed in other substances known as
catalyst supports.
‫معظم المحفزات الصلبة هي المعادن أو األكاسيد والكبريتيدات وهاليدات العناصر المعدنية‬
‫ تستخدم المحفزات الغازية والسائلة‬.‫والعناصر شبه المعدنية البورون واأللمنيوم والسيليكون‬
‫بشكل شائع في شكلها النقي أو باالشتراك مع ناقالت أو مذيبات مناسبة ؛ تشتت المحفزات‬
.‫الصلبة عادة في مواد أخرى تعرف باسم دعامات المحفز‬
 Catalytic processes and their catalysts

Process Catalyst
Ammonia synthesis Iron
Sulfuric acid manufacture Nitrogen(II) oxide, platinum
Cracking of petroleum Zeolites
Hydrogenation of unsaturated
Nickel, platinum, or palladium
hydrocarbons

Oxidation of hydrocarbons in Copper(II) oxide, vanadium(V)

automobile exhausts oxide, platinum, palladium

Isomerization of n-butane to Aluminum chloride, hydrogen

isobutane chloride
 Properties of Catalyst
1. The catalyst remains unchanged in mass and in
chemical composition at the end of the reaction.

2. Only a small quantity of catalyst is generally needed.

3. A Catalyst doesn’t Change the state of equilibrium of a

reaction:

A catalyst increases the rate of both the forward &

backward reaction equally. Hence catalyst doesn’t
influence the state of equilibrium of a reversible reaction
but equilibrium is attained earlier.
 Properties of Catalyst
4. Catalysts are specific in their action, here catalysts are
specific in their action.

• Activity and Selectivity

• Complete oxidation example (nonselective)

C2 H 4  3O2  2CO2  2H 2O

Pt

• Partial oxidation example (selective)

1
C2 H 4  O2 
V2O5
 CH 3CHO (aldehyde)
2
 Properties of Catalyst
5. A catalyst doesn’t start a reaction. A catalyst only
increases or decreases the rate of reaction. It doesn’t start
the reaction.

6. Effect of Temperature:

Activity of a catalyst is maximum at a definite

temperature which is known as optimum temperature.

7. Activity of Finely divided Catalyst is Greater:

It is because surface area of finely divided catalyst is
greater
 Properties of Catalyst
8. A catalyst can open a new reaction pathway with lower
activation energy.
 Properties of Catalyst
9. Catalyst & the nature of product:
Generally catalyst don’t change the nature of product.
Some exceptions are :
Both the net enthalpy (△H) and net free energy
(△G) are unaffected by the presence of the
catalyst. (and consequently the equilibrium
constant(Ke).
 How do catalysts work?
A catalyst increases reaction rates in a slightly different
way from other methods of increasing reaction rate. The
function of a catalyst is to lower the activation energy so
that a greater proportion of the particles have enough
energy to react. A catalyst can lower the activation
energy for a reaction by:

 orienting the reacting particles in such a way that

successful collisions are more likely.

 reacting with the reactants to form an intermediate

that requires lower energy to form the product.
 ‫يزيد المحفز معدالت التفاعل بطريقة مختلفة قليالً عن الطرق األخرى‬
‫لزيادة معدل التفاعل‪ .‬تتمثل وظيفة المحفز في خفض طاقة التنشيط بحيث‬
‫يكون لنسبة أكبر من الجزيئات طاقة كافية للتفاعل‪ .‬يمكن للمحفز أن‬
‫يخفض طاقة التنشيط للتفاعل عن طريق‪:‬‬

‫توجيه الجسيمات التفاعلية بطريقة تجعل التصادمات الناجحة أكثر احت ً‬

‫ماال‪.‬‬

‫التفاعل مع المواد المتفاعلة لتشكيل وسيط يتطلب طاقة أقل لتكوين المنتج‪.‬‬
NO(g) + NO3(g) → 2NO2(g)

There is only one

relative orientation of
these two molecules
that leads to an
effective collision.
 Mechanism of Catalyst
The following is an example of how a reaction involving a
catalyst might proceed. A and B are reactants, C is the
catalyst, and D is the product of the reaction of A and B.

Step 1: A + C → AC

Step 2: B + AC → ACB

Step 3: ACB → C + D

ACB represents the intermediate chemical. The chemical

intermediate is sometimes called the activated complex.
 Mechanism of Catalyst
Although the catalyst (C) is consumed by reaction 1, it
is later released again by reaction 3, so that the overall
reaction with a catalyst is as follows:

A + B + C → D + C

You can see from this that the catalyst is released at

the end of the reaction, completely unchanged.
Without a catalyst the overall reaction would be:

A + B → D
 Positive Catalyst Negative Catalyst

Lower the activation energy Increase the activation energy

Increases the rate of reaction Decreases the rate of reaction

Also called Promoter Also called Inhibitors or

Retarder

Example Example Phosphoric acid

MnO2 as a positive catalyst serves as a negative catalyst
for decomposition of H2O2 for decomposition of H2O2
The science and technology of catalysis is great of
significance as it affects our daily life. Four major sectors
of the world economy involve catalyst processes.
 Types of Catalyst
 Heterogeneous catalysts  Photo catalysts

 Homogeneous catalysts  Auto catalysts

 Enzymes and biocatalysts

 Organo catalysts

 Electro catalysts

 Nano catalysts

 Tandem catalysts
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Catalyst

Zeolite catalyst Catalyst powders

Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis

Single phase Multiphase
(Typically liquid) (Mostly solid-liquid and solid-gas)
Low temperature High temperature
Separations are tricky Design and optimization tricky
 Enzyme & Biocatalyst
• Highly specific
• Highly selective
• Highly efficient
• Catalyze very difficult
reactions
– N2  NH3
– CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6

Triosephosphateisomerase
“TIM” • Works better in a cell
Cytochrome C Oxidase than in a reactor

Highly tailored “active sites”

Often contain metal atoms
 Organometallic Complexes Catalyst
 2005 Noble Prize in
Chemistry
 Well-defined, metal-based
active sites
 Selective, efficient
manipulation of organic
functional groups
 Various forms, especially for
polymerization catalysis

Polymerization:
 Difficult to generalize
beyond organic
transformations
Termination:
Electrocatalysts
In the context of electrochemistry, specifically in fuel cell engineering,
various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of
the half reactions that comprise the fuel cell. One common type of
fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon nanoparticles of platinum that
are supported on slightly larger carbon particles. When in contact
with one of the electrodes in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the
rate of oxygen reduction.

Nanocatalysts
Nanocatalysts are nanomaterials with catalytic activities. They have
been extensively explored for wide range of applications. Among
them, the nanocatalysts with enzyme mimicking activities are
collectively called as nanozymes.

Tandem catalysis
In tandem catalysis two or more different catalysts are coupled in a
one-pot reaction.
Photocatalysts
Photocatalysis is the phenomenon where the catalyst can receive
light (such as visible light), be promoted to an excited state, and then
undergo intersystem crossing with the starting material, returning to
ground state without being consumed. The excited state of the
starting material will then undergo reactions it ordinarily could not if
directly illuminated. For example, singlet oxygen is usually produced
by photocatalysis.

Autocatalysis
In autocatalysis, the catalyst is a product of the overall reaction, in
contrast to all other types of catalysis considered in this article. The
simplest example of autocatalysis is a reaction of type A + B → 2 B, in
one or in several steps. The overall reaction is just A → B, so that B is
a product. But since B is also a reactant, it may be present in the rate
equation and affect the reaction rate. As the reaction proceeds, the
concentration of B increases and can accelerate the reaction as a
catalyst. In effect, the reaction accelerates itself or is autocatalyzed.
 ‫‪Electrocatalysts‬‬
‫في سياق الكيمياء الكهربائية ‪ ،‬وخاصة في هندسة خاليا الوقود ‪ ،‬يتم استخدام‬
‫محفزات مختلفة تحتوي على معادن لتعزيز معدالت تفاعالت النصف التي تشمل‬
‫خلية الوقود‪ .‬يعتمد أحد األنواع الشائعة من المحفز الكهربي لخاليا الوقود على‬
‫الجسيمات النانوية من البالتين والتي يتم دعمها على جزيئات الكربون أكبر قليالً‪.‬‬
‫عندما تكون على اتصال مع أحد األقطاب الكهربائية في خلية الوقود ‪ ،‬فإن هذا‬
‫البالتين يزيد من معدل تقليل األكسجين‪.‬‬

‫‪Nanocatalysts‬‬
‫المحفزات النانوية عبارة عن مواد متناهية الصغر لها أنشطة حفزية‪ .‬تم استكشافها‬
‫على نطاق واسع لمجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات‪ .‬من بينها ‪ ،‬تسمى المحفزات‬
‫النانوية ذات أنشطة محاكاة اإلنزيم مجتمعة باسم النانويزيم‪.‬‬

‫جنبا إلى جنب الحفز‬

‫في الحفز الترادفي يقترن اثنان أو أكثر من المحفزات المختلفة في تفاعل أحادي‬
‫القدر‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Photocatalysts‬‬
‫الحفز الضوئي هو الظاهرة التي يمكن أن يستقبل فيها المحفز الضوء (مثل الضوء‬
‫المرئي) ‪ ،‬ويتم ترقيته إلى حالة من اإلثارة ‪ ،‬ومن ثم الخضوع لعبور عبر النظام‬
‫مع مادة البدء ‪ ،‬والعودة إلى حالة األرض دون استهالكها‪ .‬عندئ ٍذ ‪ ،‬ستخضع الحالة‬
‫المثارة لمادة البدء لردود فعل ال يمكنها عادة ً إن كانت مضاءة مباشرة ً‪ .‬على سبيل‬
‫المثال ‪ ،‬عادة ما يتم إنتاج أكسجين القميص بواسطة التحفيز الضوئي‪.‬‬

‫تحفيز ذاتي‬
‫في الحفز الذاتي ‪ ،‬المحفز هو نتاج رد الفعل الكلي ‪ ،‬على عكس جميع أنواع الحفز‬
‫األخرى التي تم بحثها في هذه المقالة‪ .‬أبسط مثال على التحفيز الذاتي هو تفاعل من‬
‫‪ ،‬في خطوة واحدة أو في عدة خطوات‪ .‬رد الفعل العام هو ‪A + B → 2 B‬النوع‬
‫ضا مادة متفاعلة ‪ ،‬فقد ‪B‬هو منتج‪ .‬ولكن بما أن ‪ ،B‬بحيث ‪A → B‬مجرد‬ ‫هو أي ً‬
‫تكون موجودة في معادلة المعدل وتؤثر على معدل التفاعل‪ .‬مع تقدم التفاعل ‪ ،‬يزيد‬
‫ويمكن أن يسرع التفاعل كعامل حفاز‪ .‬في الواقع ‪ ،‬فإن رد الفعل يسرع ‪B‬تركيز‬
‫نفسه أو يتم تحفيزه تلقائيًا‪.‬‬