Power System Protection

Fault Analysis

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 Sources of Short Circuit
Currents
 Utility
 Low Voltage
 Medium Voltage
 Generators
 Motors

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 Type of Faults
 Shunt
Faults –Unintentional Connection between
phases or between phase & ground
 Three Phase Fault
 Single Line to Ground Fault
 Line to Line Fault
 Double Line to Ground Fault

 Series
Fault – Un-intentional Opening of Phase
Conductors
 Single Line Open
 Double Line Open
 Simultaneous Fault
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Type of Faults

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 The Fault Point
 The system is assumed to be balanced,
with regards to impedances, except at one
point called the fault point.

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 The Fault Point
 Since we mentioned that various power
system components behave/respond
differently to the flow of the currents’
sequence components, it follows that the
there will be a unique power system model
for each of the sequence component. These
are called the sequence networks.
 Positive-Sequence Network
 Negative-SequenceNetwork
 Zero-Sequence Network

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 The Fault Point
 TheThevenin equivalent of the power
system at the fault point is called the
sequence network.

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Three Phase Fault

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 Three Phase Fault
 On a balanced three phase system, the
same magnitude of fault currents will flow
in each phase of the network if a three
phase fault occurs.
 Since faults currents are balanced, the
faulted system can, therefore, be analyzed
using the single phase representation.

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 Three Phase Fault

 The system is still balanced. Currents and voltages

are positive sequence only. The ground current Ig is
zero.
 Since it is balance, only the positive sequence exist.

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 Three Phase Fault
Sequence Network Interconnection:

Sequence Currents are:

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 Three Phase Fault
Three phase fault currents are:

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 Three Phase Fault
Example:

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 Three Phase Fault
Example:
A three-phase fault occurs at point F. Assuming zero fault
impedance, find the fault currents at fault point F. Determine the
phase currents in the line and the generator. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.

Note:
All Reactances are in per unit of common MVA Base
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 Three Phase Fault
Consider the three bus system shown below. Determine
the fault currents in all buses and the currents flow through
all lines.
Given:
G1, G2 : X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.1
L1: X1=X2=0.6 X0=1.2
L2: X1=X2=0.24 X0=0.5

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Single Line to Ground Fault

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Assuming the fault is in phase A:

Boundary Conditions:
(1) Va=Zf*Ia
(2) Ib=Ic=0
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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Transformation: From (2)

Which means: Iao =Ia1 =Ia2 =Ia/3

From (1): Vao+Va1+Va2=Zf(Iao+Ia1+Ia2)

Or

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Sequence Network Interconnection:

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Phase Fault Currents:

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Example: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at
point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
phase currents in the line and the generator.
Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
G: X1=40% X2=40% Xo=20%
T1,T2: X=5%
Line: X1=X2=15% X0=35%

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Steps:
1. Draw the three sequence equivalent network.
1. Take note of the interconnection of transformer.
2. Determine the thevenin equivalent of positive,
negative and zero sequence at fault point.
3. Interconnect the three equivalent sequences
4. Solve for the Fault currents

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 Single Line to Ground Fault
Solution: Three Line Diagram

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Line to Line Fault

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 Line to Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b & c,

Boundary Conditions: (1) Ia=0

(2) Ib=-Ic
(3) Vb-Vc=Ib*Zf

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 Line to Line Fault
Transformation: from (1) and (2) we get
Io12= (A^-1)Iabc

Which means Iao=0

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Line to Line Fault

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 Line to Line Fault
 From the mathematical model we could derive the
sequence network interconnection as:

 The sequence fault currents

 Iao=0
 Ia1=-Ia2=Vf/(Z1+Z2+Zf)

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 Line to Line Fault
 Line to line Phase fault Currents

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Line to Line Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground
Fault

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Double Line to Ground Fault

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 Insert Additional Notes about Modeling of Available
Short Circuit MVA (3Phase and SLG) and its
equivalent z1 and z0

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