ENGLISH

MORPHOLOGY

A WORD AN ITS PARTS: ROOTS, SECOND GROUP:

Felinda Nur Lailatin
Muhamad Alfaroh
Aulia Wirda
AFFIXES, AND THEIR SHAPES Deby Alvionita
TAKING WORDS 3.1

APART
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 TAKING WORD APART

Word that listed in dictionary.

Word that unlisted in dictionary.

Words that unlisted in dictionary consist of smaller parts
(at least two), but if the words are put together can be
reliably.
For example: un-Clintonish

Morphemes is the smaller part of word that

commonly called.
While the area of grammar concered with the
structure of words with relationship between
words involving the morphemes that compose
them, commonly called morphologyv

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LEXICAL ITEM AND WORDS THERE ARE NOT LEXICAL ITEMS

Lexical items must be complex, that

is concist of two or more
morphemes. But another way also
mention that lexical item do not
have to be mono- morphemic (that
mean consisting of just one
morpheme). Lexical items that are
so complex as to extend more than
one word and namely is idioms. And
then for recognising the existence of
lexical items called poly-morphemic
(that consisting of more than one
morphemes).

Morpheme are just not the smallest unit of grammatical

structure, but also the smallest meaningful units

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KINDS OF MORPHEME: 3.2

BOUND VERSUS FREE

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COMPARISON
Morphemes that can stand on their own are called free, and ones that cannot are bound.

A b
Read-able Leg-ible
Hear-ing Audi-ence
En-large Magn-ify
Perform-ance Rend-ition
White-ness Clar-ity
Dark-en Obfusc-ate
Seek-er Appli-cant
In column A all contain a free morpheme, respectively read, hear, bear, large, perform,
white and dark. But they are contrast with column B, although they have similar meaning to
their counterparts in A both the morphemes are bound.

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 BOUND VERSUS FREE

Is it possible for a bound morpheme to be so

limited in its distribution that it occurs in just
one complex word?
The answer is yes. The example is on the cranberry
morphemes. Cranberry morphemes are more than
just a curiosity, because they reinforce the difficulty
of trying morphemes tightly to meaning.

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KINDS OF MORPHEME: ROOT, 3.3
AFFIX, COMBINING FORM
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KINDS OF MORPHEME
Root, affix, combining form

Of the non-root morphemes in the words that we have

looked at so far, those that precede the root (like en- in
enlarge) are called prefixes, while those that follow it
are called suffixes (like-ance in performance, -ness in
whiteness, and –able in readable)
There are indeed more suffixes than prefixes in
English. Only root morphemes can be free, so affixes
are necessarily bound.
The fact of being bound may make a bound root harder
to identify and isolate as a morpheme than a free root
is; but for most of the examples in 1b it is possible to
find other words in which the same roots appear, such
as audible, auditory, and audition alongside audience

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MORPHEMES AND THEIR 3.4

ALLOMORPHS
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 BOUND VERSUS FREE

Is it possible for a bound morpheme to be so

limited in its distribution that it occurs in just
one complex word?
The answer is yes. The example is on the cranberry
morphemes. Cranberry morphemes are more than
just a curiosity, because they reinforce the difficulty
of trying morphemes tightly to meaning.

The concept occurs when a unit of meaning

can vary in sound (phonologically) without
changing meaning.

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 AN EXAMPLE

the english plural morpheme has 3 allomorphs :

[ez] as in horses
[s] as in cats
[z] as in day

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 PLURAL ENGLISH ALLOMORPH
[IZ] [S] [Z]
Horses Cats Days
Roses Books Cars
Judges Cups Dogs
[IZ] occurs on nouns ending in s, z, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ, ʒ
[S] occurs following all other voiceless sound
[Z] occurs following all other voiced sound So,
the past tense inflectional morphemes that mark the
past tense are:
• [T] as in stop/ stoped
• [D] as in move/ moved
• [ƏD] as in want/ wanted

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 IDENTIFYING MORPHEMES 3.5
INDEPENDENTLY OF MEANING
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A different kind of lexical meanings can
be recognize by the prefix and the
possible allomorph. The prefix can be
added to verbs freely, for example the
prefix re- that means ‘again’, as in
morpheme rewrite, reread, repaint, and
revisit. In these words the prefix has a
vowel rather like that of see, and can be
represented phonetically as [ri]. But
something that looks like the same
prefix occurs also in verbs such as
revive, return, restore, revise, reverse,
this time pronounced with a so-called
‘reduced vowel’, [ri] or [rə].

As an alternative to that conclusion,

one might consider rejecting the
analysis of revive, return, restore,
revise and reverse as consisting of a
prefix plus a root, and instead treat
them as monomorphic.
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 IDENTIFYING MORPHEMES

Some of the nouns and verbs that I have just

claimed to be related do not have much to do with
each other semantically, one must admit. For
example, the meaning of conduce (a rather rare
verb) has nothing to do with that of conduction, and
the noun that seems most closely related to involve
is not involution (another rarity) but involvement.

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CONCLUSION : WAYS OF CLASSIFYING WORD-
PARTS

Allomorphy, concerned as it is with

differences in how a morpheme is pronounced,
may seem at first to have little connection with
meaning. A relationship between morpheme
and meaning is really impactful.

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 ENGLISH
MORPHOLOGY

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