DESIGN OF FIR FILTER BY USING

OPTIMISATION TECHNIQUES
 INTRODUCTION

 FIR filters are more preffered due to its

guaranteed stability, free from phase distortion, low
coefficient sensitiviy,simplicity etc..

 Most advanced form of designing optimum filter by

using optimisation algorithms

 Initially PM method is used

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 INTRODUCTION…

 Other optimization algorithms are evolutionary,

swarm optimization algorithms, cat optimization
algorithms etc…

 Filter coefficients are find out using these algorithms.

 Most desirable filter with minimum error is selected.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Design of linear phase FIR low pass filter using

particle swarm optimization algorithm.
 Design and optimization of FIR filter using genetic
algorithm.
 Design of FIR digital filter using differential
evolution algorithm.
 Better results using simple iterations.
 Compare characteristics like pass band ripples, stop
band attenuation etc.
 Less execution of time.

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 DIGITAL FILTER

 Designing of an optimum filter has prime importance in

present era.

 Here optimization algorithms used for designing.

 The program has to be iterated many times to obtain

better results.

 Main aim to minimize errors.

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 DIGITAL FILTER…

This is the characteristic equation of a digital filter

Where,
M is order of filter
h(n) is the filter impulse response coefficient
Filter has (m+1) number of coefficients.

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 DIGITAL FILTER…

E(W)-Error function

𝐻𝑖(𝑒𝑗𝑤) –Ideal filter response.

𝐻𝑑(𝑒𝑗𝑤)-Actual filter response.

G (w) -Weighting function.

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 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

 Different optimisation techniques used

1.Genetic algorithm.

2.DE algorithm.

3.Particle swarm optimization algorithm

.
4.Adaptive DEPSO.

5.Cat swarm optimisation.

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 GENETIC ALGORITHM

 Based on the concept of survival of fittest

 Basic steps:
A. Population
set of coefficients are initial population.

B.Evaluation
measurement of fitness value.

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 GENETIC ALGORITHM…
C.Selection
selection of best fit individual.
D.Reproduction
two fittest chromosomes selected to produce off springs.
E.Cross over.
Exchange of genes between selected individual.
D.Mutation
Random changes introduce genetic diversity in
population
Repeat the steps until desired optimization coefficients

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FLOWCHART OF GA

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 DE ALGORITHM

.
 Based on principles of GA

 Crossover and mutation operation work directly on

continuous valued vectors.

 DE algorithm relays on mutation operation.

 Steps
• generate an initial population of solutions.

• Calculate fitness for initial population.

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 DE ALGORITHM…..

• Select three solutions at random for each parent.

• A mutant vector produced for each target vector.
• Parent vector mixed with mutant vector gives trial vector.
• Performance of trial vector and parent vectors compared.
• Repeat until number of offspring equals population size
• Parent is replaced by fittest offspring.
 ADVANTAGES
• stable than GA.
• Applicable to real valued problems despite noisy,multi
modal spaces

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FLOW CHART OF DE

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 PSO ALGORITHM
 Developed through simulation of bird flocking.

 First introduced by kennedy and Eberhart

 Each particle/bird tries to modifies its position.

 Distance between current position and g best/p best is

evaluated.

 Velocity modifies towards this value.

 Best suitable value selected.

 Accurate ,flexible and less chance of frailer

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FLOW CHART OF PSO

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 ADAPTIVE DEPSO

 Hybrid version of DE evolution and PSO.

 Used fitness based adaptive cross over rate.

 Better fitness value calculated by DE algorithm

 Best value is transferred to the trial vector.

 Most robust and accurate results.

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 FLOWCHART OF ADEPSO
start

Initial population
.

Evaluate fitness using DE

Fffittest individual towards trial vector

Initiate particle with position and velocity

Eval;uateevaluate fitness

Update pbest /gbest particle

cconverg
ence

stop
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CAT SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

 Imitates natural behaviour of cat.

 Two characteristics of cat
• Resting with slow movement.-seeking mode.
• Chasing with high speed.-tracking mode.
 These characteristics combined to solve optimisation
problems.
 More effective in reducing stop band ripple factor.

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. CAT SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM..
STEPS
 Generate random population.
 Randomly select a point of reference as a cat.
 Generate all possible candidates of a cat.
 Find the fitness value of candidates.
 If fitness value is better change the position of cat.
 Calculate the velocities of each dimension of cat and
change the resultant position.
 If this value is better optimize the position of cat
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FLOWCHART OF CSO

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CALCULATED FILTER COEFFICIENTS USING
DIFFERENT ALGORITHM

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 CALCULATED FILTER COEFFICIENTS USING DIFFERENT
ALGORITHMS…

 Simulation results performed in MATLAB R2014a

 Order N is taken as 20.

 Number of coefficients is 21.

 Frequency response of filter designed from

coefficients.

 Main objective function to find out pass band ripples

Stop band ripples and stop band attenuation

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE PLOT DERIVED USING
MATLAB 2014A

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT
ALGORITHMS

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 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT
ALGORITHMS…

 Pass band ripple is least in case of PM.

 Effective reduction in stop band attenuation is in CSO

and ADEPSO.

• Signal stopped in stop band.

• Leakage noise will be less.

 Better results occurs in CSO and ADEPSO algorithms.

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PLOTS DERIVED IN MATLAB 2014(OWNWORK)
PLOTS DERIVED USING RGA

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PLOTS DERIVED USING RGA

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PLOTS DERIVED USING DE

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PLOTS DERIVED USING DE…

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PLOTS DERIVED USING PSO

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PLOTS DERIVED USING PSO…

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PLOTS DERIVED USING ADEPSO

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PLOTS DERIVED USING ADEPSO…

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PLOTS DERIVED USING CSO

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PLOTS DERIVED USING CSO…

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INFORMATION OF FILTER USING DIFFERENT
OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

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 COMPARISON OF PLOTS

• Filters designed using RGA algorithm is not a perfect

linear phase filter
• Group delay and phase delay plots of RGA are not
constant.
• Step response and impulse response plots using
different algorithms are almost same.
• Poles located at z=0 in all pole - zero plots .ie poles
located inside unit circle.So all the filters are stable

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 CONCLUSION
 PSO is more effective than GA and DE.
 More enhanced results obtained using hybrid
algorithms.
 Latest approach of designing filter is ADEPSO,CSO
algorithms.
 Most accurate and stable results using ADEPSO and
CSO.
 CSO is selected as most efficient algorithm.

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 REFERENCES
1.N.karaboga and B cetinkaya”design of digital fir filters using DE
algorithm". circuit system signal processing,vol.25.pp.649-660,jan
2006

2.Smandal,S.PN ghoshal”design of optimal linear phase FIR filter using

improved particle swarm optimization” ,I international journal on
signals and image processing,vol.03,pp.5-9,jan 2012.

3.N.karaboga ,”a new design method based on artificial bee colony

algorithm for digital FIR filters:. journal of the Franklin
institute,vol.346,4,pp.328-348, march 2009.

4.S. Mukherjee, R. Kar, D. Mdandal, S. Mondal, and S. P. Ghoshal,

“Linear Phase Low Pass FIR Filter Design Using Improved Particle
Swarm Optimization”, IEEE Student Conference on Research and
Development, Durgapur, India,Dec 2011, pp. 358-363.
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