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•ANNEALING PROCESS
1
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL HEAT TREATMENT
Thermal Heat Treatment : Annealing, Homogenising, Hardening, dst.
2
THERMAL TREATMENT AS A PART OF
MANUFACTURE PROCESS
ANNEALING :
TO PREPARE MATERIAL /METAL READY TO BE PROCESSED.
HARDENING :
TO PREPARE METAL AS FINAL PRODUCT WITH OPTIMUM
PROPERTIES.
3
ANNEALING PROCESS
--Homogenising
--Normalizing
--Full annealing
--Spherodising
--Stress relieving
--Process and recrystallisation annealing
4
HOMOGENIZING
Heating at high temperature to
austenitephase (), higher from critical temperature
(A3 dan Acm)
--to remove effect of chemical segregation caused by slow solidification
of ingot/billet.
5
NORMALIZING
Slow heating to the upper of transformation , continued by
Air cooling
NORMALIZING
Unhomogen reduction/temperature
Exception: HSS, Shock Resisting Steel, Hot Work Tool Steel
Cold Work Tool Steel D & A (tdk termasuk A10), Mold Steel P4.
6
FULL ANNEALING
Heating to little bit higher than transformation temperature of
(A3: hypoeutectoid steels dan A1: hypereutectoid steels),
Continued with slow cooling in the oven
7
ANNEALING - DIAGRAM Fe-C
Homogenising (H)
Normalising (N)
Full-Annealing (A)
Recrystallisation annealing
911°C Austenite Stress-relief annealing
()
Acm + Fe3C
A3 Karakteristik (H) (N) Full (A)
723 °C A1 Temp. *** ** *
Temperature
+ Fe3C
Metoda -- udara dapur
pendingin
Ferrite
()
Wkt. Proses *** * *
Eutectoid Rendah * Tinggi***
Hypo Hyper
eutectoid eutectoid
8
NORMALIZING VS FULL ANNEALING
Normalizing makes finer microstructure compared the
full annealing although heating conducted at higher temperature
Caused by higher cooling rate.
Heating Cooling
Cycle Cycle
Normalizing
Ac3 Anneal
Temperature
Ac1 F +A
Oven cooling
P +A
Air cooling
Ms
Time Time
9
EHW 98
Isothermal Annealing: Fast heating up to lower of transformation area, holded 1-2 hours,
continued by air cooling.
10
Impact of Cold Work
As cold work is increased
• Yield strength (sy) increases.
• Tensile strength (TS) increases.
• Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases.
11
Mechanical Property Alterations
Due to Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility after cold
working Cu?
Do2 Dd2
Copper %CW 4 4 x 100
Cold Do2
Work
4
Do2 Dd2
x 100
Do = 15.2 mm Dd = 12.2 mm Do2
60
700 800
ductility (%EL)
40
500 600
300 MPa Cu
300 Cu 400 340 MPa 20
Cu
100 7%
200 00
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 20 40 60
% Cold Work % Cold Work % Cold Work
600 60 1. Recovery
tensile strength 2. Recrystallization
ductility (%EL)
50 3. Grain Growth
500
40
400 30
Adapted from Fig. 7.22, Callister & Rethwisch
ductility 20 8e. (Fig. 7.22 is adapted from G. Sachs and
300 K.R. van Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied
Metallurgy, and the Industrial Processing of
Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys,
American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.)
14
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
1. Recovery
Reduction of dislocation density by annihilation.
• Scenario 1 extra half-plane
of atoms Dislocations
Results from annihilate
diffusion atoms
and form
diffuse
a perfect
to regions
atomic
of tension
plane.
extra half-plane
of atoms
• Scenario 2
15
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
2. Recrystallization
• New grains are formed that:
-- have low dislocation densities
-- are small in size
-- consume and replace parent cold-worked grains.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(a),(b),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(c),(d),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(c),(d)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)
After 4 After 8
seconds seconds
17
Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
3. Grain Growth
• At longer times, average grain size increases.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(d),(e),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(d),(e)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)
TR
º
19
Recrystallization Temperature
TR = recrystallization temperature = temperature
at which recrystallization just reaches
completion in 1 h.
0.3Tm < TR < 0.6Tm
20
Diameter Reduction Procedure -
Problem
A cylindrical rod of brass originally 10 mm (0.39 in) in diameter is to be
cold worked by drawing. The circular cross section will be maintained
during deformation. A cold-worked tensile strength in excess of 380
MPa (55,000 psi) and a ductility of at least 15 %EL are desired.
Furthermore, the final diameter must be 7.5 mm (0.30 in). Explain how
this may be accomplished.
21
Diameter Reduction Procedure -
Solution
What are the consequences of directly drawing
to the final diameter?
Brass
Cold
Work
Do = 10 mm Df = 7.5 mm
Ao Af Af
%CW x 100 1 x 100
Ao Ao
D 2 4 7.5 2
1 f x 100 1 x 100 43.8%
D 2 4 10
o
22
Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Solution (Cont.)
420 540
380 15
12 27
D 2 D 2
%CW
%CW 1 f 2 x 100 1 f 2
D 2 2 100
02 D02
0 .5 Df 2
Df 2 %CW D02
1 %CW
0. 5
D02 100 1
100
0.5
20
Intermediate diameter = Df 1 D02 7.5 mm 1 8.39 mm
100
25
Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Summary
Stage 1: Cold work – reduce diameter from 10 mm to 8.39 mm
8.39 mm 2
%CW1 1 x 100 29.6
10 mm
Stage 2: Heat treat (allow recrystallization)
Stage 3: Cold work – reduce diameter from 8.39 mm to 7.5 mm
26
Cold Working vs. Hot Working
• Hot working deformation above TR
• Cold working deformation below TR
27
Summary
• Strength of metals may be increased by:
•-- decreasing grain size
-- solid solution strengthening
•-- precipitate hardening
-- cold working
28