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Media and
Information
Languages
 These are the codes,
Media
conventions, formats,
Languages symbols and narrative
structures that indicate
the meaning of media
messages to an
audience.
Codes
Codes are systems of signs that
when put together create
meaning.
 Semiotics is an investigation
into how meaning is created and
how meaning is communicated. Its
origins lie in the academic study of
Semiotics how signs and symbols (visual and
linguistic) create meaning.

It is a way of seeing the

world, and of understanding how
the landscape and culture in which
we live has a massive impact on all
of us unconsciously.
♥ Symbolic Codes
♥ Written Codes
♥ Technical Codes
 show what is beneath the
SYMBOLIC surface of what we see
CODES (objects, setting, body
language, clothing, color, etc.)
or iconic symbols that are
easily understood.
 convey meaning

shows time and place

SYMBOLIC
CODES suggests a mood

Red roses stand for passion,

clothing, hair &true love,
makeup
romance and desire. The red rose is a
classic “I Love You” rose, making it a
emotion and
popular choice for Valentine's Day.
movement
SYMBOLIC
CODES
"You're such a good friend.“

It means somewhere during the

meandering road of your (probably
one-sided) flirting, you took a wrong
turn and ended up in the dead-end that
is 'the Friend Zone'.
 convey meaning

shows time and place

SYMBOLIC
CODES suggests a mood

clothing, hair & makeup

emotion and
movement
SYMBOLIC
CODES suggests a mood

clothing, hair & makeup

emotion and
movement
SYMBOLIC
CODES
A road signal for directing
vehicular traffic by means of
colored lights, typically red for stop,
green for go, and yellow for proceed
with caution. Also called
stoplight, traffic signal.
SYMBOLIC
CODES

clothing, hair & makeup

emotion and
movement
SYMBOLIC You.
CODES Come here.

Shhh. emotion and

Calm down. movement
♥ Symbolic Codes
♥ Written Codes
♥ Technical Codes
WRITTEN
CODES

use of language style and

textual layout (headlines,
captions, speech bubbles,
language style, etc. )
WRITTEN
CODES -
Headlines

The headline or heading is

the text indicating the
nature of the article below
it.
WRITTEN
CODES -
Captions

Photo captions, also known as

cutlines, are a few lines of text used
to explain and elaborate on
published photographs.
WRITTEN
CODES -
Speech
Bubbles

Speech balloons are a graphic convention

used most commonly in comic books,
comics and cartoons to allow words to be
understood as representing the speech or
thoughts of a given character in the comic.
♥ Symbolic Codes
♥ Written Codes
♥ Technical Codes
 These are ways in which
equipment is used to tell the
story.
TECHNICAL
CODES
This includes sound, camera
angles, types of shots and
lighting as well as camera
techniques, framing, depth of
field, lighting, exposure and
juxtaposition.
Conventions
♥ Form Conventions
♥ Story Conventions
♥ Genre Convetions
 FORM
CONVENTIONS
Form conventions are the
certain ways we expect types of
media’s codes to be arranged.
 STORY
CONVENTIONS Story conventions are
common narrative structures and
understandings that are common in
story telling media products.
 Examples of story conventions
include:
1. NARRATIVE STRUCTURE
A story arc refers to the
STORY
‘shape’ of a graph that shows the
CONVENTIONS rise and fall of the level of tension
that is usually built into a narrative.
 2. CHARACTER AND CHARACTER
DEVELOPMENT
Different characters
may support or challenge the
STORY
CONVENTIONS overall values embedded in the
narrative or held by the audience.
Characters develop as a result
of events in the narrative.
Supporting characters convey
action aid plot progression
contribute to the development of
other characters.
 3. POINT OF VIEW
The narrative of the film is usually
presented as either

STORY ▫ Subjective point of view (first person):

CONVENTIONS When the story is expressed from a
particular character’s perspective
through either a voiceover narration or
more subtly through their particular often
emotional) view of the world.

▫ Objective point of view (third person):

When no single characters’ perspective
is preferred over another’s.
 STORY 4. CAUSE AND EFFECT
CONVENTIONS Cause and effect is often integral to
the film plot, as it will usually incorporate
character motivation. Without cause and
effect the narrative cannot progress.
 5. STRUCTURE OF TIME
The structure of time in a film is
often closely linked to editing, as it is
through editing that the film gets its pace
STORY and narrative structure.
CONVENTIONS
▫ A linear narrative is one whose story
develops in a true chronological
sequence.

▫ A non-linear narrative will develop out

of chronological order through the use of
flashbacks, or flash-forwards. Characters
may discover causes for effects.
 Genre conventions point to
GENRE the common use of tropes,
CONVENTIONS
characters, settings or themes in a
particular type of medium. Genre
conventions are closely linked with
audience expectations.
ACTIVITY
 On a short coupon bond,
think of a your company name and
illustrate or draw its OWN
symbol/sign/icon, make sure that
it is not copied nor plagiarized
from the Internet or other sources.
You must also include an
explanation of the symbol /
logo used as well at its
function, purpose or meaning.
 EXTREME WIDE SHOT
These are typically wide
TECHNICAL angle shots usually at the
CODES –
beginning of the scene
Camera
Angles that show the full environment
in order to set the stage so that
your viewer knows where the
story is taking place. Can also
be used to make a person
appear isolated or small.
 WIDE SHOT OR LONG SHOT
Wide shots provide for a
TECHNICAL little tighter view of a scene as
CODES –
compared to the
Camera
Angles establishing/extremely wide
shot. However, wide/long
shots also show an overall view
of the scene. It can show the
entirety of the subject and its
surrounding environment.
TECHNICAL
MEDIUM SHOT
CODES – This shot gets in a little
Camera closer to the subject and
Angles usually portrays the subject
from the waist up. If the subject
will be gesturing, this is a good
shot to use.
 CLOSE-UP
TECHNICAL Head and shoulders,
CODES –
enabling you to easily see
Camera
Angles facial expressions, which gives
the audience a better
impression of what your
characters are thinking and
feeling.
TECHNICAL
EXTREME CLOSE-UP
CODES – From just above the
Camera eyebrows to just below the
Angles mouth, or even closer: used to
emphasize facial expression or
to make the subject appear
threatening.
TECHNICAL
CODES – OVER-THE-SHOULDER SHOT
Camera A shot in which we see a
Angles character or main object over
another’s shoulder, often used
in interviews or dialogues.
TECHNICAL DEPTH OF FIELD
CODES This refers to how much
of the shot seems to be in
focus, in front of and behind
the subject.