Project on Design of Machine Elements-I

Guided by : Prof.M.A.Pawar
Presented By:-

1)Anurag Shettigar - Roll no. 57

2)Ashish Sonawane – Roll no. 51
Introduction:-

▪ Dimensions – The sizes and Geometric

features of a component specified on the
part drawing.
▪ Tolerance – Allowable variation in
dimension.
▪ Surface –Affects product performance,
Aesthetics and ‘wear’.
 Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a
dimension or other measured value from the specified value.

 It can also be defined as the total variation permitted in the size of a

dimension, and is the algebraic difference between the upper and lower
acceptable dimensions. It is an absolute value.

 The basic purpose of providing tolerances is to permit dimensional

variations in the manufacture of components, adhering to the
performance criterion as established by the specification and design
Types Of Tolerances:-

Bilateral Tolerance
Unilateral Tolerance
Limit Tolerance
 Variation is permitted in both positive and negative
directions from the nominal dimension
 Possible for a bilateral tolerance to be unbalanced
• Ex: 2.500 ±0.010, 2.500 ±0.005

Bilateral Tolerance
 Variation from the specified dimension is permitted in only
one direction
 Either positive or negative, but not both
• Ex: 2.500 +0.0010 OR 2.500 -0.0010

Unilateral Tolerance
 Permissible variation in a part feature size consists of the
maximum and minimum dimensions allowed

• Ex: 2.505 to 2.959

Limit Tolerance
 Dimensional Tolerance:-

 It is almost impossible to maintain the strict degree of accuracy as listed on a plan.

 To accommodate this, it is normal to display measurements with a plus or minus
(+/-) tolerance which allows for some margin of error.
 Care needs to be taken however when determining such +/- tolerance, particularly
where there are mating parts.
 For example, a shaft which is machined to its maximum tolerance may not fit a
gear center that has been machined to it minimum tolerance or an unsatisfactory
loose fit would result from the shaft being machined to its minimum tolerance with
the gear center machined to its maximum tolerance.
 Usually, the dimensional tolerance is decided at the design stage and a Machinist
must take care to apply the required dimensional tolerance and to ensure that
discrepancies are not introduced as a result of poor workmanship of measuring
techniques.
Examples of Dimensional Tolerances

Fig- 1 Fig- 2
Examples of Dimensional Tolerances

Fig- 3 Fig- 4
Types of Geometric Tolerances

Form tolerances:

▪ Form tolerances are a group of geometric tolerances applied to

individual features.
▪ They limit the amount of error in the shape of a feature and are
independent tolerances.
▪ Form tolerances as such do not require locating dimensions.
▪ These include straightness, circularity, flatness, and cylindricity.
Types of Geometric Tolerances

Orientation tolerances:

▪ Orientation tolerances are a type of geometric tolerances used

to limit the direction or orientation of a feature in relation to
other features.
▪ These are related tolerances.
▪ Perpendicularity, parallelism, and angularity fall into this
category.
Types of Geometric Tolerances

Positional tolerances:

▪ Positional tolerances are a group of geometric tolerances that

controls the extent of deviation of the location of a feature from
its true position.
▪ This is a three‐dimensional geometric tolerance comprising
position, symmetry, and concentricity.
Symbols used in G.T.
Surface finish Symbols

▪ Surface finish is defined as a measure of the overall texture of a

surface that is characterized by the lay, surface roughness and
waviness of the surface.
▪ Symbols of surface finish which are providing at the finishing stage
which gives value of surface finish .
▪ The symbols to indicate the information in connection with surface
roughness are represented by symbolically . This is the important
characteristics for surface finish.
Indication of surface Textures:-

▪ The basic symbol consist of two legs of unequal lengths

inclined at approx. 60 degrees to the line representing the
considered surface.
▪ The symbol must be represented by thin line.
▪ If the removal of material is required a bar is added to the
basic symbol.
▪ If the removal of material is not permitted a circle is added
to the basic symbol.
▪ When special surface characteristics have to be indicated, a
line is added to the longer arm of any of the above symbols.
ISI Symbols for indication of Surface Finish
Use of surface finish:-

• Using surface finish symbols one can measure the surface finish of a
part.
• Surface texture symbols are used to define surface texture, roughness
and lay.
• Surface finish is important factor for manufacturing process monitoring
and quality control inspection so surface finish symbols are of great
importance in quality control department.
Surface Finish

▪ Surface Finish is a measure of the overall texture of a surface that is

characterized by the lay, surface roughness, and waviness of the
surface.
▪ This diagram gives an idea of how to think of the relationship of
Waviness, Lay, and Roughness:
Lay:-

▪ The Lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern, and is

usually determined by the production method used to process the
surface. Here are some typical Lay patterns:
Surface Roughness:-

▪ Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of

surface texture.
▪ It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector
of a real surface from its ideal form.
▪ If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small,
the surface is smooth.
Waviness:-

▪ Waviness is the measurement of the more widely spaced component

of surface texture.
▪ It is a broader view of roughness because it is more strictly defined as
"the irregularities whose spacing is greater than the roughness
sampling length".
▪ It can occur from machine or work deflections, chatter, residual
stress, vibrations, or heat treatment.
▪ Waviness should also be distinguished from flatness, both by its
shorter spacing and its characteristic of being typically periodic in
nature.
Thank You