Some students who read

well, write well.

But almost all students who
write well, read well.

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Do you agree with these statements?

 Girls are more likely to do well in academics

during high school years but boys get ahead
of them in college.

 Female teenagers are more concerned with

their physical appearance than male
teenagers.

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 Critical Reading

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Ms. Lani Cachapero

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 What is “Critical Reading?”

 “Critical” is not intended to have a negative

meaning in the context of “critical reading.”
 Definition: Critical Reading is an active approach
to reading that involves an in depth examination
of the text. When you read critically, you are not
just receiving information but also making an
interaction with the writer. The interaction happens
when you question the writer’s claims and
assertions and when you comment on the writer’s
ideas..
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 Passive vs. Active Reading
• Active Reading: - Active reading involves
interacting with the text and therefore requires
significantly more energy than passive reading.
• Critical reading ALWAYS involves active
reading. The active reader invests sufficient effort
to understand the text and commit important details
to memory.
• The active reader identifies important pieces of
data, the assumptions underlying arguments, and
examines them critically. They rely on their
personal experiences and knowledge of theory to
analyze the text.
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 Annotate
 Outline
 Summarize
 Evaluate

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 1. Annotate what you read.

 Read a text through once before making

major annotations.
 Mark, highlight, circle or underline words,
phrases, or sentences that contain important
details.
 Write marginal notes asking questions or
commenting on the ideas of the writer.

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An example of an annotated text.

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 2. Outline the text

 Identify the main points and list them down

so you can also identify the supporting ideas
of the writer.
 There is no need to write a structured
sentence, just use bullets or numbers.

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 Example

Thesis statement:
Supporting details:
Point 1:
Point 2:
Point 3:

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 Ex. Outline of the essay, “Why Do They
Say That Our English Is Bad?”

Thesis statement: The concept of Standard English is problematic

because there is no clear definition of what standard is.
Point 1: The author gives a scenario in the Philippine
classrooms in which English teachers get frustrated
because of student’s grammatical errors.
Point 2: The author mentioned that research studies are being
conducted in order to improve teaching English as a
second language but failed to mention what those
specific studies are,
Point 3: The common errors that Filipino college students commit in
their writings are mentioned.
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 3. Summarizing the text

 Get the main points of the text, write key

terms and write its gist in your own words.
 A summary is usually one paragraph long.

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 Sample Text Passage Summaries: Text #1
An Introduction to Auctions

There are basically two types of auctions: ascending-bid auctions and descending-
bid auctions. Ascending-bid auctions start out with a low bid for an object. The
price of the object is gradually raised until only one bidder remains. By contrast,
descending-bid auctions start out with a high bid and the price is progressively
lowered until a customer expresses a willingness to purchase the object. Both
procedures have a number of variants. For example, in some types of auctions a
professional auctioneer declares the suggested bids. In other types of auctions,
however, the customers make their own bids. Another variant, used at places such
as eBay or Yahoo Auction, is called a "buyout option". A high price for an item is
declared. Anyone willing to pay that price is guaranteed a purchase. This variant
seems to appeal consumers who dislike uncertainty: for a fixed price they are
guaranteed an object. "Buyout options" are most commonly used if the seller has a
stock of several copies of the same item.

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Both ascending-bid and descending-bid auctions can be conducted in
either open or closed formats. In open formats, all participants know
what exactly how much an object is going for. For example, at many
Japanese fish markets, wholesalers gather around the fish to be
purchased and raise their hands as the auctioneer names
progressively higher prices. In closed auctions, participants are
unaware of how much other participants are willing to pay for an
object. For example, a case in which participants used sealed
envelopes to place their bids on a piece of real estate represents this
type of auction. Though open auctions generally yield higher prices,
closed formats are sometimes preferred in situations in which the
privacy of the prospective buyers is considered paramount or the
need to document precisely how much each party bid is high.
(308 words)
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 Sample Summary #1

There are two types of auctions: those in which the price starts out low and
is gradually raised, and those in which the price starts out high and is
gradually lowered. Both auction types have variants, such as a "buyout
option" in which a customer is guaranteed an object if he/she is willing to
pay a high price. Moreover, auctions can be conducted in open or closed
formats. In closed formats, participants don't know how much others are
willing to pay for an object since they use sealed envelopes or some secret
method to make their bids. Though open auctions often result in higher sale
prices, closed formats are sometimes preferred when privacy or the need for
documentation is paramount.
(122 words)

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 Sample Summary #2

In some types of auctions bids begin low and then gradually become higher.
Others auctions use the opposite approach: commencing with a high bid and
gradually becoming lower. There are lots of variants of these two basic
approaches. For example, the "buyout option" available at some online
auctions enables customers who dislike the uncertainty of bidding to obtain
an object for a fixed, but high price. Although some auctions are held in
open formats in which all customers know the going price for an object,
other auctions are held in a closed format in which customers do not know
how much their rivals are willing to pay for an object. Open auctions tend to
generate higher bids, however closed auctions offer more privacy and better
documentation of the respective bids.
(144 words)

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 Sample Summary #3

Basically, two types of auctions exist. In ascending-bid auctions the price

for an object starts out low and is increased by degrees. In descending-bid
auctions a high bid is first made, then the price is consecutively lowered
until someone expresses a willingness to pay the object. Numerous
variations of these two patterns can be found. For example, the "buyout
option" used in eBay, Yahoo Auction, and other places lets customers who
detest uncertainity procure an object for a high price. Auctions can also be
held in open or closed formats. Open formats are transparent: everyone
knows what is current price for an object is. Closed formats are opague:
only the seller is able to tell how much each customer is willing to pay for
an object. Closed formats provide greater privacy and written
documentation, though open formats generally spawn higher bids.

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 4. Evaluate/Analyze the text

 Question the author’s purpose and intentions,

as well as his own assumptions in the claim.
 Check if the arguments are supported by
evidence and if the evidence are valid and are
from credible sources.

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 Examine the argument structure
.
 Claims: Statements that require support by
evidence.
 Assumptions: The writer’s underlying
beliefs, opinions, principles, or inferences
that connect evidence to the claims.

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 Types of evidence

 Facts: Verifiable evidence.

 Opinion: Judgments based upon facts.
 Expert Opinion: Judgments formed by authorities on a
given subject.
 Appeal to Beliefs or Needs: Readers are asked to accept
a claim in part because they already accept it as true
WITHOUT factual evidence or because it coincides with
their needs.
 Appeal to Emotion: A claim that is persuasive because it
evokes an emotion within the reader, but may or may not
rely on factual evidence.

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 Analysis (continued)

 To judge the reliability of evidence, look at

the following areas:
 Accuracy
 Relevance
 Representativeness
 Adequacy

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Reread these statements. What do you think is the
problem in term of logic and reasoning?

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 Analysis (continued)

 Logical Fallacies: Errors in reasoning.

 Examples:
 Red herring- introduction of an irrelevant issue in an
argument.
 Non sequitur- linking two or more ideas that have no
logical connection.
 Making broad generalizations without proven empirical
evidence.

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