CELL DIVISION

Mitosis and Meiosis

Why Do Cells Divide?

For growth, repair, and

reproduction
Cell Cycle

• is an orderly
sequence of events
that describes the
stages of a cell's life
from the division of a
single parent cell to
the production of two
new daughter cells
Cell cycle clock

Nucleus-contains
collection of
proteins

Damage in the DNA- If damage is not

Proper Condition- Improper Condition-
p53 a tumor repaired-tumor
Protooncogenesis tumor suppressor
suppresor gene will suppressor gene will
(protein which genes produce
prevent the cell from instruct the ell tu
triggers the cell to proteins to prevent
reproducing until the undergo apoptosis
enter cell cycle) the cell from dividing
damage is repaired (programmed death)
2 main stages

1. Interphase- stage when the activities of

the cell are mainly for growth and
metabolism (DNA is replicated)
2. Mitotic phase- the replicated DNA and
cytoplasmic contents are seperated and
the cell divides
3 phases of interphase

1. Gap 1 (First gap)

> Little change is visible
> Active at the biochemical level
> Time when the cell is preparing for the
condensation of the chromatin material
> accumulating sufficient energy to replicate
chromosomes in the nucleus
3 phases of Interphase

2. S Phase (Synthesis)
> DNA replication can proceed through the
mechanism that result in the formation of
identical pairs of DNA molecules
>Centrosome is duplicated
> 2 Centrosomes will give rise to the mitotic
spindle
> Centrioles help organize cell division
3 phases of Interphase

3. G2 phase (Second Gap)

> the cell replenishes its energy stores and
synthesizes proteins necessary for
chromosome manipulation
>some cell organelles are duplicated and
cytoskeleton are dismantled to provide
resources for the mitotic phase
Cell division

> is the splitting of a parent cell into two

daugther cells
2 kinds of cell division
1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
Mitosis

• is a kind of cell division which occurs in

somatic cells
2 phases
1. Karyokinesis- is the division of the
nucleus (nuclear division)
2. Cytokinesis- physical separation of the
cytoplasmic components into 2 daughter
cell
G0 Phase
> not actively preparing to divide
> cell is quiescent that occur when cells exit
the cell cycle
> some cell enters this stage temporarily
> other cells that never of rarely divide such
as mature cardiac muscle and nerve cells
remains on this stage
Terms to remember

• Chromosomes-are the structures present

in the nucleus that are composed of DNA
and its associated proteins
• Chromatid-each copy of the chromosome
• Centromere-connects the chromatid to
one another
• Gene-segment of the DNA that codes for a
specific protein. Unit by which hereditary
characteristics are transmitted.
• Locus- specific site where gens are
located
 Karyokinesis stage
Prophase
• Chromosome
Chromosome,
consisting
condense and become
of Two Sister
Chromatids
visible
• Spindle fibers emerge
Pair of
Centrioles

from the centrosomes

• The nuclear envelope

Centromere
breaks down
Aster
• Nucleolus disappears
Prophase
Prometaphase-first change
phase
>Chromosomes becomes
more condensed and
discrete
> Kinetchore appear at the
centromeres
> Mitotic spindle microtubules
attact to kinetochores
> centrosomes move toward
opposite poles
Metaphase • Mitotic spindle is fully
developed, centrosomes are at
the opposite pols of the cell.
• Chromosomes are lined up
along “metaphase plate”
• Each sister chromatid is
attached to a spindle fiber
originating from the opposite
pole
Anaphase
• Cohesion proteins binding the sister
chromatids together break down
• Sister chromatids (now called
chromosomes) are pulled together
toward opposite poles.
• Non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen, elongating the cell
 Telophase

• Chromosomes arrive at the opposite

poles and begin to decondense
> Nuclear envelope ,material
surrounds each set of chromosomes
> Mitotic spindle breaks down
Cytokinesis

> cell motion, second main stage of the

mitotic phase
>cell division is completed via the physical
separation of the cytoplasmic components
into 2 daughter cells
> a contractile ring composed of actin
filaments forms just inside the plasma
membrane at the former metaphase plate
Cytokinesis

> the actin filaments pull the equator of the

cell inward forming a fissure
> this fissure or crack is called cleavage
furrow.
SUMMARY

PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE METAPHASE

Mitotic spindle is fully

Chromosomes condense Chromosomes continue to developed, centrosomes
and became visible condense are at opposite poles of the
cell

Spindle fibers emerge from Kinetochores appear at the Chomosomes are lined up
the centrosomes centromeres in the metaphase plate

Each sister chromatid is

Mitotic spindle
Nuclear envelope breaks attached to a spindle fiber
microtubules attach to
down originating from opposite
kinetochores
poles

Centrosomes move toward

Nucleolus disappears
opposite poles
SUMMARY

ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS

Cohesion proteins binding Chromosomes arrive at Animal cells: a cleavege

the sister chromatids opposite poles and begin furrow separates the
together break down to decondense daughter cells

Sister chromatids (now

Nuclear envelope material Plant cells : A cell plate
called chromosomes) are
surrounding each set of separates the daughter
pulled toward oposite
chromosomes cells
poles

Non-kinetochore spindle
The mitotic spindle breaks
fibers lengthen, elongating
down
the cell
Effects of Nicotine in Living Cells

• Nicotine-oily liquid substance present in

tobacco leaves
• it is colorless when extracted from leaves
and turns brown when exposed to air
• powerful poison used as a base in many
insecticides
• nicotine is drawn into the lungs where it
enters the blood stream and is pumped
into the heart and later to the brain
Effects of Nicotine in Living Cells

• affects the cells of the body where it

passes through
• damage the cilia of the cells lining the
respiratory tract
• in small doses nicotine can stimulate the
nerves and speed up the release of
adrenaline
• is carcinogenic and addictive
Butane