Motion in One

Dimension

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As a first step in studying classical mechanics, we
describe motion in terms of space and time while
ignoring the agents that caused that motion. This portion
of classical mechanics is called kinematics.

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Position, Velocity, and Speed

The motion of a particle is completely known if the particle’s position in

space is known at all times. A particle’s position is the location of the
particle with respect to a chosen reference point that we can consider
to be the origin of a coordinate system.

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• The displacement of a particle is defined as its change in
position in some time interval. As it moves from an initial
position xi to a final position xf , the displacement of the
particle is given by xf - xi .

• Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle.

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average velocity
The average velocity vx of a particle, a vector quantity, is
defined as the particle’s displacement Δx divided by the
time interval Δt during which that displacement occurs:

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average speed
The average speed of a particle, a scalar quantity, is
defined as the total distance traveled divided by the total
time interval required to travel that distance:

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 contoh
• Find the displacement, average velocity, and average
speed of the car in figure between positions A and F.

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Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

the instantaneous velocity vx equals the limiting value of the ratio

Δx/Δt as Δt approaches zero:

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Acceleration

(a) A car, modeled as a particle, moving along the x axis from A to B

has velocity vxi at t = ti and velocity vxf at t = tf. (b) Velocity–time
graph (rust) for the particle moving in a straight line. The slope of the
blue straight line connecting A and B is the average acceleration in
the time interval Δt = tf - ti.

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the instantaneous acceleration equals the derivative of the velocity
with respect to time,

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When the object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the same
direction, the object is
speeding up. On the other
hand, when the object’s
velocity and acceleration are
in opposite directions, the
object is slowing down.

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One-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
kinematic equations that may be used to solve any problem involving
one-dimensional motion at constant acceleration.

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Acceleration = 0

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 constant
acceleration

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 constant
acceleration

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example
A car traveling at a constant speed of 45.0 m/s passes a trooper
hidden behind a billboard. One second after the speeding car
passes the billboard, the trooper sets out from the billboard to catch
it, accelerating at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s2. How long does it take
her to overtake the car?

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Freely Falling Objects

A freely falling object is any object moving

freely under the influence of gravity alone,
regardless of its initial motion. Objects
thrown upward or downward and those
released from rest are all falling freely
once they are released. Any freely falling
object experiences an acceleration
directed downward, regardless of its initial
motion.

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quiz

A stone thrown from the top of a building is

given an initial velocity of 20.0 m/s straight
upward. The building is 50.0 m high, and
the stone just misses the edge of the roof
on its way down, as shown in figure. Using
tA = 0 as the time the stone leaves the
thrower’s hand at position A, determine
– the time at which the stone reaches its
maximum height,
– the maximum height,
– the time at which the stone returns to
the height from which it was thrown,
– the velocity of the stone at this instant,
and
– the velocity and position of the stone at
t = 5.00 s.

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