Sentence

 In general, based on the kinds of verb,

there are two kinds of sentences. They
are nominal and verbal sentences
 Nominal Sentence.

• I am a teacher of English.
• He is my grandfather.
• She is your girl-friend.
• My car is new.
• The houses are old.
• Your boss is kindhearted.
Verbal Sentence
 I study English.
 You speak Japanese.
 The car belongs to me.
 My mother sings a song.
 They have breakfast.
 Their brother lives in Perth.
Nominal Sentence
 Positive
 I am a teacher.
 Negative
 I am not a doctor.
 Interrogative
 Am I your boss?
 Interrogative with question word
 What are you?
Verbal Sentence
 Positive
 He has a new hand phone.
 Negative
 He doesn’t have a new bag.
 Interrogative
 Does he have a new motorbike?
 Interrogative with question word
 What do you have for breakfast?
 Sentence

Based on the group of subject and

predicate, there are four kinds of
sentences.
Kinds of Sentences
 Simple Sentence
 Compound Sentence
 Complex Sentence
 Compound Complex Sentence
Simple Sentence
 His niece is a dentist.
 The band group is very popular.
 The man living next door works for a
bank.
 The girl in black goes to SMUN 8.
 My brother doesn’t like reading.
 My sister can speak English very well.
Compound Sentence

 My son likes swimming but my daughter

doesn’t.
 I want to buy a new keyboard yet my father
can not afford it.
 My friend wants to improve his English;
therefore, he joins an English Course.
 John is smart; however, he doesn’t behave
well.
Complex Sentence
 The woman who is standing next to my
mother has three beautiful daughters.
 That nowadays getting a job is difficult
is true.
 If I were you, I would continue my
study.
 Study hard so that you can pass the
test.
Compound Complex Sentence
 I have a friend who is good at computer and
he is a hardworking person.
 The woman who is wearing jeans is not Miss.
Summer anymore for she was married two
days ago.
 Listen to the man whom you trust or you’ll
regret.
 Even though she once hurt me, I still love her
and I stand by her when she is in trouble.
Based on the kinds of clauses,
Complex Sentence is divided into
three.
Complex Sentence with noun
clause.
Complex Sentence with
adjectival clause.
Complex Sentence with
adverbial clause.
 Complex Sentence with noun
clause.

 That the air in Jakarta is polluted is

true.
 The doctor suggests that I not smoke a
lot.
 I don’t know why she hates me very
much.
 I asked the students whether they
understood the lesson.
Complex Sentence with
adjectival clause.
 The man who teaches us English is easy
going.
 The woman whom I admire is my
mother.
 The house which is haunted belongs to
a tycoon.
 I still remember the time when I met
her for the first time.
Complex Sentence with
adverbial clause.
 I join LIA so that I can make a lot of
friends.
 The question is so difficult that nobody
can answer it.
 If I had studied hard last year, I would
have passed the exam.
 She treats me as if I were her son.
Based on tense,

there are 16

kinds of sentences.
Present Tense
 Simple Present Tense
 Present Continuous Tense
 Present Future Tense
 Present Future Continuous Tense
 Present Perfect Tense
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
 Present Future Perfect Tense
 Present Future Perfect Continuous
Tense
Past Tense

 Simple Past Tense

 Past Continuous Tense
 Past Future Tense
 Past Future Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Past Future Perfect Tense
 Past Future Perfect continuous Tense
Present Tense
 My wife is busy. My husband goes to America
 My wife is being busy.
 My wife will be busy.
 My wife will be being busy.
 My wife has been busy.
 My wife has been being busy.
 My wife will have been busy
 My wife will have been being busy.
Past Tense
 My wife was busy. My niece laughed at me
 My wife was being busy.
 My wife would be busy.
 My wife would be being busy.
 My wife had been busy.
 My wife had been being busy.
 My wife would have been busy.
 My wife would have been being busy.
Present Tense
 His sister writes a novel.
 His sister is writing a novel.
 His sister will write a novel.
 His sister will be writing a novel.
 His sister has written a novel.
 His sister has been writing a novel.
 His sister will have written a novel.
 His sister will have been writing a novel.
Past Tense
 His sister wrote a novel.
 His sister was writing a novel.
 His sister would write a novel.
 His sister would be writing a novel.
 His sister had written a novel.
 His sister had been writing a novel.
 His sister would have written a novel.
 His sister would have been writing a
novel.
Present Tense
 The piano is repaired. I write a novel
A novel is written by me.
 The piano is being repaired.

 The piano will be repaired.

 The piano will be being repaired.

 The piano has been repaired.

 The piano has been being repaired.

 The piano will have been repaired.

 The piano will have been being repaired.

Past Tense

 The piano was repaired. She ironed her

clothes
Her clothes were ironed by her
 The piano was being repaired.
 The piano would be repaired.
 The piano would be being repaired.
 The piano had been repaired.
 The piano had been being repaired.
 The piano would have been repaired
 The piano would have been being repaired.
Present Tense
 She is not sad.
 She is not being sad.
 She will not be sad.
 She will not be being sad.
 She has not been sad.
 She has not been being sad.
 She will not have been sad.
 She will not have been being sad.
Past Tense
 She was not sad.
 She was not being sad.
 She would not be sad.
 She would not be being sad.
 She had not been sad.
 She had not been being sad.
 She would not have been sad.
 She would not have been being sad.
Present Tense
 Are they at home?
 Are they being at home?
 Will they be at home?
 Will they be being at home?
 Have they been at home?
 Have they been being at home?
 Will they have been at home?
 Will they have been being at home?
Past Tense
 Were they at home?
 Were they being at home?
 Would they be at home?
 Would they be being at home?
 Had they been at home?
 Had they been being at home?
 Would they have been at home?
 Would they have been being at home?
 Present Tense
• Do you live in New York?
• Are you living in New York?
• Will you live in New York?
• Will you be living in New York?
• Have you lived in New York?
• Have you been living in New York?
• Will you have lived in New York?
• Will you have been living in New York?
Past Tense
 Did you live in New York?
 Were you living in New York?
 Would you live in New York?
 Would you be living in New York?
 Had you lived in New York?
 Had you been living in New York?
 Would you have lived in New York?
 Would you have been living in New York?
Present Tense
 He doesn’t write a report. Does he write a report?
 He is not writing a report.
 He will not write a report.
 He will not be writing a report.
 He has not written a report.
 He has not been writing a report.
 He will not have written a report.
 He will not have been writing a report.
Past Tense
 He did not write a report.
 He was not writing a report.
 He would not write a report.
 He would not be writing a report.
 He had not written a report.
 He had not been writing a report.
 He would not have written a report.
 He would not have been writing a report.
Present Tense

 Why are you angry?

 Why are you being angry?
 Why will you be angry?
 Why will you be being angry?
 Why have you been angry?
 Why have you been being angry?
 Why will you have been angry?
 Why will you have been being angry?
Past Tense
 Why were you angry?
 Why were you being angry?
 Why would you be angry?
 Why would you be being angry?
 Why had you been angry?
 Why had you been being angry?
 Why would you have been angry?
 Why would you have been being angry?
Present Tense
 Where do you work?
 Where are you working?
 Where will you work?
 Where will you be working?
 Where have you worked?
 Where have you been working?
 Where will you have worked?
 Where will you have been working?
Past Tense
 Where did you work?
 Where were you working?
 Where would you work?
 Where would you be working?
 Where had you worked?
 Where had you been working?
 Where would you have worked?
 Where would you have been working?
 Active Sentence
 Her grandfather drove the car to Surabaya.
Did her grandpa drive the car to SBY?
Where did her grandpa drive the car to?
 The old man buys a newspaper every morning.

When does the old man buy a newspaper?

What does the old man do?
 Our teacher explains the lesson clearly.
 My brother washes the car once a week.

 Lucy writes an article.

 The bookstore sells a lot of postcards.

 My aunt gave me a present.
What did my aunt give to me?
 David sent me a letter three days ago.
Passive Voice
 The house is sold by my uncle.
 The man is arrested by the police.
 I am invited to the party.
 Your father is hospitalized.
 The building is renovated.
 Some of my friends are interviewed.
 My nephew is sent to an International
school.
Passive Voice
 Positive
 Your grandma is hospitalized.

 Negative

 Her friend is not invited to the party.

 Interrogative
 Is your boyfriend promoted to be the chairman of the
organization?
Apakah mereka dinominasikan sebagai calon kakang
mbekayu BMS?
Are they nominated as candidates of Mr&Ms. BMS?
 Interrogative with question word

 Why is your friend wanted by the police?

 Present Tense
• Where is she hospitalized?
• Where is she being hospitalized?
• Where will she be hospitalized?
• Where will she be being hospitalized?
• Where has she been hospitalized?
• Where has she been being hospitalized?
• Where will she have been hospitalized?
• Where will she have been being
hospitalized?
Past Tense
 Where was she hospitalized?
 Where was she being hospitalized?
 Where would she be hospitalized?
 Where would she be being hospitalized?
 Where had she been hospitalized?
 Where had she been being hospitalized?
 Where would she have been hospitalized?
 Where would she have been being
hospitalized?
Gerund (Kata kerja yg
dibendakan Meng-ingkan)
 Swimming is her hobby. (Subject)
 He enjoys playing the guitar. (after
certain words)
 They are afraid of making mistakes.
(after prepositions)
 Thank you for coming.
 Our coming is not expected. I am sorry
for being rude to you. (subject)
 The waiting room is crowded with
patients.
Participial Phrase

 Present Participle – Verb 1 + ing – active

meaning.

 Past Participle – Verb 3 – passive meaning.

Present Participle
 The girl wearing glasses is my niece.
 Do you know the man sitting next to
Jane?
 Feeling very well, I went to bed early.
 Arriving late, I missed the test.
 Having nothing to eat at home, I
decided to eat out.
Past Participle
 The man arrested by the police is a
thug.
 The novel written by Maria is sold out.
 The shops located on Main street are
closed for the time being.
 Found guilty, the woman is sentenced
to death.
 Accused of stealing money, my friend
really hits the ceiling.
 Absolute Construction
Absolute construction with participles
The rain having stopped, He continued his performance.

Absolute Construction without participles

His son successful, Mr. Johnson is very happy.

Absolute Construction with the preposition with or without.

Without any funds allocated for the project, its
implementation seems still a long way.
Absolute Construction
Initial Position
The car damaged, he claimed for the
insurance.
Mid position
On school days, the young delinquent, the
youngest of them just six years old, spent
their time selling newspapers.
Final position
The mob stormed into the house, their eyes
red and their breath smelling of alcohol.
Question Tag

 You are his friend, aren’t you?

 I am your supervisor, aren’t I?
 I am not your teacher, am I?
 He lives in Singapore, doesn’t he?
 She can speak English, can’t she?
 They have been to Japan, haven’t they?
 Close the door, will you?
Adjectival Clause
 The boy who has a lot of toys is smart.
 The girl whom I am proud of is diligent.
 The man to whom I sent a letter is my boss.
 The book which he bought yesterday is cheap.
 The bag in which I put the money is black.
 The woman whose husband is a lecturer is my friend.
 The state where she comes from is California.
 The reason why she hates me is not clear.
 Do you still remember the time when you met her for the first
time?
 I am not sure of the way how she answered the problem.
Adverbial Clause
 Time
 Place
 Purpose
 Result
 Comparison
 Condition
 Manner
 Reason
 Adversative Contrast
 Concessive Contrast
Adverbial Clause
 When I was a child, my father would take me to th beach.
 She lives where her brother was born.
 They join the club so that they can improve their English.
 The girl is so she generous that everybody likes her.
 If were here, I would be very happy.
 Since I am busy, I can not attend the meeting.
 She pretends as if she did not know anything.
 Steve is rich while john is poor.
 Peter kept on singing even though nobody listens to him.
 He works harder than his brother does.
Noun Clause
 That Steve is the best student in the class is
true.
 Our teacher said that he was busy.
 I don’t know whether she will marry him.
 Can you tell me where the nearest bank is?
 I am not sure why she doesn’t listen to me.
 Do you know where she lives?
Verbs of Urgency
 The management requests that all
employees not be late for the meeting.
 The rules require that the participants
not leave the room during the test.
 The doctor advises that she take the
medicine.
 I suggest that he study harder for the
test.
Adjective of Urgency
 It is necessary that he stop smoking.
 It is advisable that they be wise in
addressing the issue.
 It is vital that the youngsters not abuse
drugs.
 It is essential that he take the subject.
 It is advisable that they not be late for
the match.
 Infinitive
• I don’t want to hurt you.
• To be successful, you need to be
tough.
• It is nice to meet you.
• He failed to pass the test.
• They join the association to have
progress in business.
Positive Agreement
 I am happy and so is my mother.
 I teach English and so does my friend.
 She can speak Japanese and so can I.
 They will have a test and so will we.
Negative Agreement
 I am not sad and neither is she.
 He doesn’t have any money and neither
do I.
 I can not speak English and neither can
he.
 She is not reading a novel and neither
am I.
Coordinate Conjunction
 Peter and John plan to visit Bali.
 The car is old but expensive.
 Do you want to go to Singapore or Australia?
 After eating dinner and taking a long nap, he
felt much better.
 He always does his job carefully and
meticulously.
Correlative Conjunction
 The project will take both time and
money.
 Free Port not only soiled but also
destroyed the environment.
 My uncle will take either the plane or
the ship.
 Life in the crowded city is neither
interesting nor enjoyable.
Causative verbs
 I let him leave the class earlier.
 He makes his brother clean his
bedroom.
 I have the boy do his homework.
 He helps me solve the problem.
 She helps her brother to answer the
question.
 I get my cousin to wash my car.
Causative verbs
 I have my car washed.
 I get my shoes polished.
 He has his hair cut.
 She gets her picture painted.
 I have this story translated.
 Peter gets his house renovated.
 You have the report typed.
 She has his T-shirt ironed.
 Conditional Clause
If clause Result Clause
• Type I • Type I
Simple Present tense Present Future Tense
• Type II • Type II
Simple Past Tense Past Future Tense
• Type III • Type III
Past Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect
• Type IV Tense
Past Perfect Tense • Type IV
Past Future Tense
Conditional Clause
Type I
If I am not busy tonight, I will accompany you to the dentist.

Type II
If I were at home now, I would go to sleep.

Type III
If I had gone to the meeting last month, I would have met my old
friend.

Type IV
If I had had breakfast this morning, I would not be hungry now.
 Wish

Future  I wish that he would

He will not come to the come to the party.
party.
Present  I wish that I knew the
I don’t know the answer to the question.
answer to the question.
Past  I wish that he had
He did not come to the come to the meeting.
meeting
Used to
 My father used to be a soldier.
 I used to teach English for SMUN 64.
 Did you use to work for a company?
 There used to be a swamp here.
 Did you used to go to SMUN 8?
 They used to Live in Miami.
 She used to be my girl-friend.
As if / As though
 Her mother treats her
Fact
as if she were a child.
 She is not a child.
 He acted as though he
 He did not come to the
had come to the party.
party.
 She acted as if she had
 She has met me.
never met me.
 He will be here
 He spoke as if he would
not be here.
To be used to/ to be
accustomed to
 She is used to leaving for school
without having breakfast.
 I am not accustomed to standing in
front of the class.
 The dancer gets used to eating broken
glasses.
 They are used to the noise.
Gerund: forget, remember,
regret, and try.
 I remembered to send a letter.
 I still remember meeting my wife for the first
time.
 I forgot to buy a dictionary.
 I forget placing my book.
 I regret to tell you the truth.
 I regret telling him the truth.
 I try to finish my thesis.
 I try taking aspirin to get rid of my headache.
Gerund
 He quits smoking.
 She enjoys singing.
 I consider taking the
order.
 She avoids answering
my question.
 I think about getting a
job.
 He doesn’t want to help
me.
 She failed to pass the
test.
 We hope to see you
again.
 I promise to give you a
present.
 She plans to continue
her study.
Participle adjectives
 The story is  She is interested in
interesting. mathematics.
 The explanation is  The students are
confusing. confused.
 The horror film is  She is frightened by
frightening. the strange noise.
 The news is  Everybody was
surprising. surprised by the
news.
Can = To be able to
 She will be able to speak English
fluently.
 You must be able to answer the
question.
 She has been able to drive a car.
 Jane is able to finish the job.
Despite/ In spite of
 Despite the rain, she  In spite of the high
went to college. cost of living, He
 Despite the tries to survive.
overpopulation, the  In spite of the high
big city is attracting. crime rate, she
 Despite the noise, keeps on working
they remained to during the night.
stay inside.  In spite of the bad
result, he is not
frustrated.
Adverb of Manner
Adjective Adverb
 Slow  Slowly

 Quick  Quickly

 Late  Late

 Fast  Fast

 Hard  Hard

 early  early
Parts of Speech
 Noun
 Verb
 Adjective
 Adverb
 Pronoun
 Preposition
 Conjunction
 Interjection
Must & have to
 I must wear a jacket  You have to pay the
to the meeting. school fee on time.
 You must not bring  You don’t have to
a gun to the bring your computer
classroom. to the office.
 She must be busy.  I don’t have to buy
 They must be more a new car.
hardworking.  They don’t have to
be that strict.
 At, On, and In

 I leave my house at  They live in Jakarta.

6 o’clock everyday.  Do you live on Jl.
 She usually has a Juanda?
music class on  We do not live at Jl.
Wednesday. Dewi Sartika number
 She was born in 12.
1992.  My uncle used to
live in Bali.
There is, There are
 There is a gun in my bag.
 There are four visitors in the lobby.
 There is some milk in the bottle.
 Are there many cars in the parking lot?
 How many students are there in the
class?
 How much sugar is there in the jar?
A few and A little
 I have a few pens in my bag.
 She has a little sugar in the jar.
 There are a few pens on the desk.
 Put a little salt into the soup.
 He has a little money in his pocket.
 I met a few friends at the seminar.
 A few students can answer the question.
Hard, Early, late, and Fast
 The test is hard.
 She works hard.
 It is still early.
 He wakes up early.
 It is late.
 She always comes late.
 The train is fast.
 The motorbike moves fast.
Some and Any
 She has some dictionaries.
 Her sister has some money.
 Do you have some sugar?
 I don’t have any cars.
 Jane doesn’t have any milk.
 Some drivers are sleeping.
 He doesn’t have any money.
Comparison
 My bother is taller than I (am).
 Your sister is more careful than You
(are).
 John is more diligent than Jane (is).
 This shirt is more expensive than that
one.
 That question is easier than this one.
Comparison
 Jakarta is the biggest city in our
country.
 My brother is the tallest in the family.
 Blue Bird taxies are the most popular in
Jakarta.
 Is she the best in the class?
Imperative Sentence
 Be happy.
 Close the door.
 Do not open the window.
 Do not be lazy.
 Shut up.
 Be quiet.
 Don’t worry.
Embedded Questions
 Can you tell me where the bank is?
 Tell me where you live.
 I wonder if you understand the lesson.
 Please tell me what you want.
 Tell me how old you are.
 I wonder if you can help me.
 Tell me why you were absent last week?
 Can you tell me where the library is?
Another and The other
 Can I have another cup of tea?
 I have two guitars. One is small and the
other is big.
 She has three pencil cases. One is blue.
Another one is yellow and the other is
orange.
 Do you need another TV set?
Because, Because of, Since,
and Due to.
 I can not help you because I am in a
hurry.
 He can not continue his study because
of his financial problem.
 Since I don’t have anything to do, I
take his offer.
 She came late due to the traffic jam.
Hard, Hardly, Late, and Lately
 She studies hard.
 I hardly recognized her at the meeting
last night.
 He submitted the essay late.
 He won the competition lately.
 She has been sick lately.
Adverbs of Frequency
 I often see her at the mall.
 He always brings his laptop to school.
 They sometimes say hello to me.
 His mother seldom wears her veil.
 We never see a ghost.
 They frequently visit the museum.
Tired of, Bored with, Looking
forward to, and Fed up with
 She is tired of reading the book.
 I am bored with living a slum area.
 We are looking forward to the result.
 He is fed up with the unpredictable
situation.
 Are you tired of listening to the
presenter?
A number of, A great deal of,
An amount of, and plenty of
 A number of accidents happened here.
 She has a great deal of money.
 The people still have a great deal of
rice.
 I don’t have plenty of apples.
 She has plenty of time.
 We don’t have a great amount of flour.
Most, and most of
 Most students wear uniforms.
 Most of the students in my class have
hand phones.
 Most books have index..
 Most of the books on the shelf are
written in English.
 Most of his questions are about Biology.
One of, Each, Each of, Every
and Every one of
 One of my friends is a teacher.
 Each student has a dictionary.
 Every person has to give a
presentation.
 Every one of the members of the club is
concerned about cleanliness.
 Each of the players in the basketball
club is tired.
As, As long as/ so long as,
Now that, and inasmuch as.
 As she had nothing to do, she went to the
cinema.
 Now that you understand the lesson, I will
give you homework.
 As long as you are not busy, please help me.
 Inasmuch as the government increases the
price of fuel, more students will take to the
street to protest the policy.
Many & Much
 There are not many visitors today.
 There is not much coffee in the jar.
 Do you have many friends here?
 I don’t have much money.
 They did not spend much time.
 How many teachers are there in the room?
 How much money does she have?
In case, In the event that, Unless,
and Providing that/ Provided that.
 In case you need to reach me, I will be at
the party.
 In the event that you need help, I will stand
by you.
 Provided that no one has a question, let
me give you a quiz.
 I will go shopping tomorrow unless it rains.
A lot of
 He has a lot of questions.
 She has a lot of cheese.
 There are a lot of sailors.
 His uncle needs a lot of employees.
 This company needs a lot of managers.
 My car needs a lot of fuel.
 They sell a lot of shoes.
 We need a lot of money.
Would rather & Had better
 I would rather go to the beach than just stay
home.
 You had better go to a dentist.
 She would rather study English than go to the
cinema.
 He’d better sell his old car.
 They’d rather go to sleep than watch TV.
 You’d better not leave the class now.
Would and Used to
 My mother would read me a story when I was
a child.
 When a school holiday came, my friends
would take me to the beach.
 She used to be a school teacher.
 They used to be prisoners.
 The river used to be clean.
 The area used to be a swamp.
Each other/ One another,
Every other, another
 We always help each other.
 They send e-mail to one another.
 They study English every other day.
 I leave for my hometown every other week.
 I spent another ten dollars.
 The will stay in Bali for another five years.
 She drove another twenty miles.
Other - Others, The other -
The Others
 Other cars – Others
 The other books – The others
The migrant workers come from many
countries. Some are from Indonesia and
some others are from Thailand. Others are
from Malaysia.
There are three books on the desk. One is
mine and the others are hers.