“Knowing others is

wisdom; knowing the

self is enlightment.
Mastering others is
strength; mastering
yourself is true
power.”
By: Linda Ferguson and Chris Keeler
“Imagine this: You wake up one morning
and the next thing you know you’re sitting in
your car. You are freshly showered,
appropriately dressed, and there’s a
travel mug of coffee next to you. You have no
conscious memory of how any of this
happened and you’re already
halfway to work”
“We have evolved to run complex routine
procedures on auto pilot. Our unconscious processes
are faster, more reliable, than our conscious efforts
to understand and influence the world around us. We
do not need to know much about ourselves to get
through an average day. We just need to go along for the
ride.”
“So what’s the point of all the efforts we make to
remember and discover who we are? Why get to
know yourself better if yourself runs just fine
without you?”
“The short answer is this. It’s hard to make it through a whole
day without learning something about yourself. The people
with whom you connect, the stories you hear or tell, the things
you do: all of them give you information about yourself. One of
the many automatic processes that drive you is the process
which causes you to pay attention to information about yourself.
Paying attention allows you to choose whether to incorporate
new information into existing patterns or to let it go. You cannot
change without knowing something about yourself and you cannot
live in a world of change without changing yourself.”
“So even though it slows you down and introduces
all sorts of existential difficulties, it is hard to avoid
learning more about yourself. Fortunately, if you are
active and intentional, getting to know yourself
better has real benefits. It can be a fun process
that leads to results you like. It can give you choices
you would not see on autopilot and better results
when autopilot is running your life. It can even grow
your brain.” (Ferguson & Keeler, 2008)
 Refers to the
conditions of
identity that
make the
individual
distinct from all
others.
Knowledge and
understanding
of one’s own
learning’s
characters,
motivations and
capabilities.
Independent and
self-determined
action of one
person. It is the
quality or state of
being self-active
or self- action
Maintaining
as a separate
or self-
contained
individual.
Determines
individual’s
uniqueness
among others.
Mental picture of
an individual and
is quite resistant
to change through
time regarding
one’s abilities,
personality, and
role.
1500 B.C.E.
ATMAN BRAHMAN
5TH CENTURE B.C.E. TO THE PRESENT
1. Form- it is the physical form
2. Sensation- made up of feelings- both emotional and physical
and senses.
3. Perception- it includes conceptualization, cognition and
reasoning.
4. Mental formations- includes habits, prejudices and
predispositions
5. Consciousness- awareness or sensitivity to an object.
551 B.C.- 479 B.C.
• The predominant theme in this philosophy is
anchored on finding an understanding for the
becoming.

• The human adult itself, in Confucianism is defined as

an “achieved state of moral excellence rather than a
given human condition.”

• Personality as such is not seen as inherently existing, but

as something that is being formed through upbringing
and environment.
1.Heart of compassion- leads to Jen.

2.Hearth of righteousness- leads to Yi.

3.Heart of propriety- leads to Li

4.Heart of wisdom- leads to Chih.

• Self can never be STATIC.

• To be human means to develop and to

keep pursuing the virtues.

470-399 B.C.E
• “KNOW THY SELF”

• Man has to look at himself

• Socratic Method

• “Life is worthless”
384-322 B.C.E
“The soul is the one that acts within the body.”

1.The Vegetative Soul

2.The Sensitive Soul

3.The Rational Soul

1596-1650
• “Self” is a thinking person.

• Cognito ergo sum or I think therefore; I am

• The mind is a substance within the brain capable of

thinking, affirming, doubting, judging and etc.

• Emphasize the notion of self which is made of

consciousness that forms our thinking and guides our
behavior.
1711-1776
• Men can only attain knowledge by experience.

• All perceptions of mind is divided into two

distinct kinds, the “impression” and “ideas”.

• Impressions are the original form of all our

ideas.

• “the mind is simply a bond of perceptions and

experiences linked by the relations of causations
and resemblance.”
1632-1704
• The self can be understood by examining one’s mind, what
constitute the mind.

• “Our mind consists of memory where our consciousness

resides.”

• He suggest that the self is a thinking intelligent being, that has

reasons and reflection and continuous to defines ones personal
identity. Thus, the self can be equated with one personal
identity.

• Consciousness determines one’s self that continues to grow and

develop through times that form our personal identity.
1856-1939
1.ID- instinctual drives

2.Ego- regulates our action

3.Super Ego- Morality

principle
1942-1994
• The self in the Filipino is the unity of the “self” and “others”
expressed in the Filipino word “kapwa”.

• The idea of “self” or (personhood) can be centered on the core

values expressed in the word “kapwa”.

• is a concept of how every Filipino thinks, behaves, and relates with

others.

• does not mean only “others” but shared inner self of a person.

• Shows the essence if sharing, seeing, and caring the other as one
self.