Introduction to and History of

Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.

Introduction to and History of Philosophy
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 1987 Philippine Constitution
• Article XIV
• Section 1
• Protect and promote the
right of all citizens to
quality education at all
levels
• Section 3
• All educational institutions
must develop in their
students critical and
creative thinking
Introduction to and History of Philosophy
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Critical and Creative Thinking
• Philosophical Dimension
• Analytical
• Synthetic
• Process of inference

Introduction to and History of Philosophy

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Philosophy?

Introduction to and History of Philosophy

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Philosophy by Analogy
• Candlelight in a dark room
• World
• Dark room
• Student
• Blind
• Cannot see things clearly

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Philosophy by Analogy
• Candlelight in a dark room
• Teacher
• Bearer of light
• Must show the way by guiding
students
• making sound judgment and wise
decisions
• Ordering priorities
• Knowing things that are worth
learning

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Etymology
• Philos + Sophia
• Love
• Wisdom
• Practical knowledge
• Love for Wisdom
• Philosophy
• Not a subject
• Act (action like P.E. but mental)
• Act of Philosophizing
• Catching oneself with a serious
question that affects one’s life
• Act of intellectual quest that transcends the
limits of the science
• Endless search for meaning, ultimate reason,
cause, principle and absolute truth

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Etymology
• Philos + Sophia
• Coined by Pythagoras of Samos
(580BC – 497BC)
• Mathematician
• Thought of man as Lover of Wisdom
• Search for meaning

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Branches of Philosophy
• Practical Philosophy/ Logic
• Reasoning and Argumentation
• Critical Philosophy/ Epistemology
• Concept of Knowledge
• Speculative Philosophy/
Metaphysics
• Fundamental questions of Reality
• Normative Philosophy/ Ethics
• Human Values
• Aesthetics
• Beauty and Art

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Areas of Philosophy
• Philosophy of the Human Person
• Oriental Philosophy
• Western Philosophy
• Social Philosophy
• Philosophy of Language
• Philosophy of Religion
• Philosophy of Education
• Political Philosophy
• Filipino Philosophy

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Introduction to and History of Philosophy
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Significance of Philosophy
• Philosophy
• Provides solutions to the
problems that concern
people of today.
• Religion
• Politics
• Education
• Language
• Arts
• Economy
• Morality
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Philosophical Timeline
• Ancient
• What is the basic stuff of the
world?
• Medieval
• Does God exist?
• Modern
• What is the meaning and the
purpose of the Human Person?
• Contemporary
• What is?

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Ancient Philosophers
• COSMOCENTRIC
• 600 B.C. – 600 A.D.
• Thales of Miletus (624 B.C. – c. 546 B.C.)
– Water
• Anaximander (610 B.C. – 546 B.C.) -
Apeiron
• Heraclitus (574 B.C. – 540 B.C.) – Logos
(change)
• Anaximenes (585 B.C. – 525 B.C.) – Air
• Anaxagoras (500 B.C. – 428 B.C.) – Fire
(change)
• Parmenides (515 B.C. – 485 B.C.) –
Change is unreal; universe has no
beginning and no end
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Great Philosophers
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle

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 Socrates
• 469 BC – 399 BC
• Classical Greek Athenian Philosopher
• Agora
• Socratic Method
• Dialectic/ Question and Answer Method
• Teacher of Plato
• Prosecuted
• Impiety
• Corrupting the minds of the minor
• Glass of Hemlock
• Ethics
• To know the good is to do good

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 !Plato
• 427 BC — 347 BC
• Student of Socrates
• Mathematician
• Academia/ Lyceum
• Teacher of Aristotle
• World of Forms
• Unchanging

• Human Person
• Rational, Spirited and Appetitive

• Soul
• Intellect, Will and Emotion
• Virtues can be taught
• Prudence/ Wisdom , Fortitude, Temperance and Justice
• Ethics
• To know the good is to do good

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 Plato
• Books:
• Symposium
• Genesis
• The Republic
• Ideal Society
• Phaedrus
• Platonic Love

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 !Aristotle
• 384 BC – 322 BC
• Lived in Stagira in Thrace
• The Father of Logic
• Organon (Greek) Instrument
• Student of Plato
• Teacher of Alexander the Great and Ptolemy
• Founded Peripatetic School of Philosophy
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Happiness is the goal of life
• Attainable by habitual virtue
• Kind of Habit
• Mental Activity e.g. Contemplation
• Practical Action e.g. Courage

• Golden Mean
• Principle of Moderation

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Golden Mean of Aristotle
Vice of Deficiency Virtuous Mean Vice of Excess
Cowardice Courage Rashness
Insensibility Temperance Intemperance
Illiberality Liberality Prodigality
Pettiness Munificence Vulgarity
Humble-mindedness High-mindedness Vaingloriness
Want of Ambition Right Ambition Over-ambition
Spiritlessness Good Temper Irascibility
Surliness Friendly Civility Obsequiousness
Ironical Depreciation Sincerity Boastfulness
Boorishness Wittiness Buffoonery
Shamelessness Modesty Bashfulness
Callousness Just Resentment Spitefulness
Ethics, Morality and Character Education
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Aristotle
• Books:
• Physics
• Poetry
• Music
• Politics
• Biology
• Zoology
• Categories
• Elements
• Causality
• Material
• Formal
• Efficient
• Final
• World of Matter
• Senses

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 Medieval Philosophers
• THEOCENTRIC
• 600AD - 1600AD
• St. Augustine of Hippo
• Boethius
• Peter Abelard
• St. Anselm of Canterbury
• St. Bonaventure
• St. Thomas Aquinas
• John Duns Scotus
• William of Ockham
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 !Modern Philosophers
• ANTHROPOCENTRIC
• 1600AD - 1900AD
• David Hume
• Sense Impression
• Moral Sense Theory
• Sympathy

• Rene Descartes
• Reason
• Immanuel Kant
• Categorical Imperative
• Unconditional Goodness

• Hegel
• Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Contemporary Philosophers
• HOLISTIC
• 1900AD - Present
• Michel Foucault
• Jurgen Habermas
• Jacques Derrida
• Martin Heidegger
• Karl Popper
• Bertrand Russell
• Jean-Paul Sartre
• Peter Singer
• Alfred North Whitehead
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
• Jean Paul Sartre
• Gottlob Frege
• Jean Francois Lyotard
• Karl Marx
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Three methods in earning wisdom
• Confucius
• Imitation
• Easiest
• Experience
• Most Bitter
• Reflection
• Most noble

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 3 Levels of Inquiry
• Common Sense
• Scientific
• Philosophical

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 Philosophizing
• Wonder
• Doubt
• Limit situations
• Metaphysical Uneasiness
• Philosophical questions

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Who am I?
• Am I my name?
• Am I my body?
• Am I my status?
• Am I my religion?
• Am I my dress?
• Am I what you think I am?

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Philosophical Questions
• What is reality?
• Epistemology
• Is good and evil limited to humanity?
• Ethics
• What is knowledge?
• Epistemology
• How do we know that we know?
• Epistemology
• Where does life begin?
• Ethics
• Who am I?
• Metaphysics
• Does God exist?
• Metaphysics

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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
 Who am I?
• To myself?
• To my parents?
• To my classmates?
• The warrior is a child
• To God?
• Story of the wemmicks

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