Engineering Drawing

Course Textbook
• Engineering Drawing
– By Prof. Lin HU, etc.
– Publisher: China Machine Press
– Price: RMB 40.00

• Exercise workbook
 Course Credit Hours
• 2 credit hrs
• Teaching hours: 34 hrs
 Course Grading
• Readings, assignments, discussions
• Grading：
– Assignments & show-up rate 50%
– Term exam 50%
 Introduction
1. Subjects and features of this course
Engineering Drawing is an application oriented
subject that introduces the preparation, representation
and reading of engineering drawings.
Engineering Drawing is an important document in
industry for design, manufacture, utilization and
service, often called “ the common technical language
for engineers”.
2. Nature and tasks of this course
(1) To study the basic theory of orthographic
projection and train students with abilities in
design and innovation.

(2) To train students the skills creating and

comprehending engineering drawings.

(3) To train students with abilities in spatial and

logical thinking, visual imagination,
conceptualization, exploration and innovation.
 Chapter1 Basic Knowledge of
Engineering Drawing

1.1 Drawing Tools

1.2 National Standards

1.3 Geometric Construction

 1.1 Drawing Tools
1. Drawing board:
A drawing board is used to fix drawing sheet and produce drawing
on the sheet. The surface of the board should be flat and smooth.
The left side is the lead side and should be straight for guiding
rulers.
2. T-square: A T-square can be directly used to draw
horizontal lines. It can be used to draw vertical lines in
combination with a triangle.
3. Set squares：two types: 30-60 degrees (30◦-60◦) and 45 degree (45◦).
Often used together with a T-square to draw vertical lines, lines with an inclination
angle of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°or 75°with respect to horizontal line.

T-square
4. Pencil:
H or 2H— to draw thin lines.
HB or H— to write texts on the drawing.
HB or B—to draw thick lines.

5. Compass / divider: A compass is used to draw circles and arcs.

The leg of the compass with a step pin should be facing downward and
the pencil tip on the other leg should have similar height to the pin.
 Drawing tools needed for this subject

• Pencils: 2B(or 1B) x 1, HB(or 1H) x 1

• Set squares: 30-60◦ x 1, 45◦ x 1
• Compass: x 1
• Rubber: x 1
 1.2 Relevant National Standards

Engineering drawing is an important

documentation used during the process of design
and manufacturing. For the sake of convenience
in communication, all drawings should comply
with the national standards. National standards
are abbreviated as “GB” with a code.
1.2.1 Standard drawing sheets with layout
（GB/T 14689-1993）
1. Drawing sheets
While producing the drawing, one should usually adopt the
standard sheets illustrated in the follow table.
2. Layout of standard sheets (with binding space)
One must use continuous lines to draw the border.
There are two layouts to follow, i.e., with or without
binding space.

Border Border
Title box
2. Layout of standard sheets (without binding space)
3. Title Block (GB/T 10609.1-1989)
One must draw a title box on each drawing sheet. The
position of the title box should be located on the lower
right corner of the sheet.
 1.2.2 Scale (GB/T 14690-1993)
1. Definition
The ratio between the dimension of the drawing and those of actual
object is called the scale of the drawing.

For dimensioning, one should always mark the actual dimensions no

matter whether the drawing is enlarged or scaled down.
2. Scale of drawings
2
1.2.3 Lettering (GB/T 14691-1993)

In the drawing, lettering of characters or numbers

must follow the national standards.
 1. General regulations
(1) The characters must be whole and clear. The distance
between characters must be uniformly distributed, standing in a
line.
(2) The font for Chinese characters should be the “Fang Song”
and the standard simplified Chinese characters should be used.
The height of characters should not be less than 3.5mm and the
width should be 2/3 h.

(3) The number of characters is the same as the height of the

characters, such as 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 14, 20mm.

(4) The font for all non-Chinese characters can be in italic form.
The italic font character should be inclined towards the right with
an angel of 75°with respect to horizontal lines.
2. Examples
Chinese characters (must be vertically aligned)

Numbers
Letters

Examples
1.2.4 Line styles (GB/T 17450-1998)
1. Line styles and their utilization
All line styles, line thicknesses and their
application are also defined in national standard.
There are eight line styles. When producing the
drawing, the width of thick lines should be 0.18, 0.25,
0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, or 2mm. There are two line
thicknesses, namely thick lines and thin lines. The
thick line double the width of a thin line.
 2. Line styles
Continuous To indicate
b
thick line visible outlines,
Run-out line
Dashed To indicate
1/2b
lines hidden outlines,
Run-out line

Continuous For fictitious outlines, dimensions,

1/2b projection hatching and leader line ,etc
thin line

Part sectional boundary lines or to

Continuous
1/2b terminate a part view, and for short
thin irregular
break line
line

Thin dashed 1/2b Axis lines, symmetrical

dotted line center lines, etc

Continuous thin To show a break on an

straight line 1/2b adjacent member to
with intermitt- which a component is
ent zigzags attached
To indicate adjacent parts
Thin long dashed 1/2b
alternative and extreme position of
double dotted line
moving parts

Thick dashed dotted b To indicate a cutting plane for

line sectional views
3. Further notes for drawing lines
(1) In the same drawing, one should use the same line width for
the same type lines. The length and the distance of dashed lines,
dashed dotted lines, etc. should also be the same respectively.
(2) The center line should be longer from 2 to 5 mm than the
drawing frame, the head line or end line should be the long dash,
and the center of a circle is the intersection point of long dshes.
(3) When it is difficult to draw dot line or double dot line in small
drawing, it can be replaced by continuous thin line.
(4) When two thin dashed lines meet together, the line segments
should meet (rather than space ). When a thin dashed line is an
extension of a continuous line, a little space should be kept at the
intersection position.
 4. Example of drawing lines
A D B

A Visible edges
B Dimension line and
extension line
B1 Hatching lines
A
C Boundary between
view and section
D Hidden edges
E Center line

B1 C E C F F Imaginary line
 1.2.5 Dimensioning (GB/T 4458.4-2003)
1. Basic rules

(1) The actual size of the part is shown on the drawing and has nothing to do with
the size of the drawing and the accuracy of the drawing.

(2) There is no need to mark the unit of dimensions. It is “mm” by default.

(3) Each dimension should be marked on the drawing only once.

 2. Dimension elements

Extension line Dimension line Dimension text Arrow head

Extension line beyond 2-3mm

(1) Extension line
An extension line is drawn with a continuous thin line and it illustrates the scope
of the corresponding dimension. An extension line originates from a feature
outline, an axis line, or a symmetrical center line. And the outline, axis line and
symmetrical center line can also be used as extension line.

An Extension line originates

from a feature outline

Spacing between dimension

lines and outline should be
equal and about 6-8mm

An Extension line originates

from a symmetrical center line
(2) Dimension line
A dimension line must be drawn using thin continuous line and cannot be
replaced by existing lines in the drawing. It cannot be in coincidence with any
existing lines or be drawn as extension of any existing lines.
For linear dimension, the dimension line must be parallel to line segment
being dimensioned.

Right Wrong
(3) Arrow head of dimension line

Right
4b
b

h
45°

Wrong
(4) Dimension text
Dimension text should usually be marked above the dimension line or in the
breaking space of a dimension line.

Right Wrong
3. Dimensioning methods
(1) Linear dimensions

All linear dimensions should usually be marked heading upwards for horizontal
dimensions, heading towards the left for vertical dimensions, or with an inclination
heading upwards for general cases as shown in (a) and (b).
 (2) Angular dimensions

All dimension text should be marked with horizontal orientation. Extension

lines should follow the radial direction and the dimension line should be an arc
whose center coincides with the apex point of the extension lines.
 (3) Circle

If the dimension is for the diameter of a circle, one should add the symbol
“Φ” before the dimension figure. The dimension line should go through the
center of the circle.
 (4) Arc

For arcs with radius, one should add the symbol “R” before the dimension
figure. The dimension line should meet the center of the circle.
 (5) Large arc

For arcs with large radius, one may draw dimension lines as shown in the figures
and then notes.
 (6) Sphere

One should add the symbol “S” before “Ф”or “R”. However, the symbol “S”
may be omitted. If it does not cause any misunderstanding.
 (7) Dimensioning small sizes

In case of insufficient space, the arrowhead can be drawn outside the dimension
line or replaced with a small dot. Dimension text can also be located outside the
dimension line or marked with a leader dimension.
 (8) The length of an arc

When dimensioning the length of an arc, the dimension line should run parallel with
the arc. The extension lines should run in parallel with the mid partition radial axis.
Dimension text should be placed above the dimension line and a symbol “︵”should
be placed before the dimension text.
 (9) Square construction

Dimensions for square cross sections should be marked with symbol “□”or in
the form of 14×14.
 (10) Half of a part

Dimension line should be extended beyond the symmetry center line or broken
boundary line. Only one arrowhead is required on the corresponding side of
extension line.
1.3 Geometric Construction
1. Equilateral polygon

T- square T- square
Equilateral polygon
2. Slope and taper
Slope
The slope is an inclination of one line with respect to another line
or the inclination of one plane with respect to another plane .

Slope=H/L=tg(a)=1:k

Slope symbol:
Example 1. Draw the follow view on the position indicated
with a scale 1:4.
Dimension of slope
Taper
The taper of a cone is defined as the ratio between the
diameter of the bottom circle and the height.

Taper =D/H=1:k

Taper =(D-d)/L1=1:k

Taper symbol:
Example 2. Draw the follow view on the position
indicated with a scale 1:1.
3. Smooth connection

It is necessary to make smooth connection between lines and circles using

arcs, which are often called fillets.
Arc connection between two lines

m
Arc connection between two pieces of arcs

External arc
connection

Internal arc
connection
External arc connection between two pieces of arcs

R
Internal arc connection between two pieces of arcs

R
 Arc connection between one line and another
piece of arcs

R
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