OM SWASTIYASTU

ASSALAMU’ALAIKUM WR.WB
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Disusun Oleh :
Yudatami Sekar Tiara (1913091006)
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Tissue : A group of cells similar in structure, function
and origin.
Eptithelial tissue
There are four types of tissues
found in animals Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue
 Based on functions & location tissues are
classified into four types :
No Type Origin Function
1 Epithelial tissue Ectoderm, endoderm, Protection,
mesoderm secretion,
absorption etc.
2 Connective tissue Mesoderm Support, binding,
storage, protection,
circulation.
3 Muscular tissue Mesoderm Contraction and
movement
4 Nervous tissue Ectoderm Conduction and
control
I. Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and cavities, as well as form glands. The
cells of the tissue are closely connected to each other via cellular junctions and
because epithelium is found on the edges of organs, it has two distinct
surfaces. The apical surface is exposed to the body cavity or exterior, while the
basal surface is adjacent to the underlying tissue (see the figure below).
Epithelia contain no blood vessels (they are non-vascular) and are dependent
upon the underlying connective tissue for nutrients.
Epithelial cells can be one of three shapes: squamous (flattened), cuboidal,
or columnar. If the epithelium consists of one cell layer it is called simple
epithelium. Stratified epithelium has more than one layer. The combination of
cell shape and the number of cell layers is used to classify epithelial tissue.
 Simple Columnar Epithelium
Simple Squamous
Epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium
 II. Connective Tissue
Connective tissues vary widely in their form and function, but
they are all characterized by the presence of extracellular matrix.
The extracellular matrix is nonliving material composed of
protein fibers and ground substance. The protein fibers are
composed of collagen (which gives strength) or elastin (which
gives flexibility). The number and type of fibers differs between
the various types of connective tissue. The ground substance fills
the spaces between the cells and the fibers. It contains
interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) and large polysaccharide molecules.
 A. Dense connective tissue
Palmar Skin (Human skin corpuscle) slide: The layer of skin that lies deep to
the epidermis is called the dermis and is composed of dense connective
tissue. This tissue contains densely packed bundles of irregularly arranged
collagen fibers. It is found in areas of the body that are subject to tension
from many different directions. Nuclei of the connective tissue cells are
scattered throughout the collagen fibers.

Adipose tissue slide:

Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat storage cells. It functions in
energy storage, insulation, and cushioning. Small pockets of adipose tissue
can be found all over the body, but accumulates under the skin
(subcutaneous fat) and around certain organs, such as the kidneys. Unlike
other connective tissues, it has very little matrix and the cells are closely
packed together. Each cell contains a large fat droplet, which pushes the
nucleus to the side.
 Hyaline cartilage slide:
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body and is found in
the rib cage, the nose, the trachea, and the ends of long bones. It provides
structural support (but is more flexible than bone) and has cushioning properties.
Hyaline cartilage has a firm matrix with abundant collagen fibers, but the individual
fibers cannot be seen under the microscope. When viewed under the microscope
the matrix an amorphous quality (no discernable structures). The cells, which are
known as chondrocytes, reside in small cavities within the matrix called lacunae

Bone tissue slide:

Bone tissue forms the skeletal system. It functions in structural support, protection,
and mineral (calcium) storage. The extracellular matrix of bone tissue contains
abundant collagen fibers as well as a hard, calcified ground substance. Mature bone
cells, called osteocytes, reside in cavities within the matrix called lacunae. As bone
tissue is formed, channels remain in the hardened matrix that provide passageways
for blood vessels and nerves. The larger channels are called central canals
(Haversian canals). Bone tissue forms in rings (lamellae) around these canals,
creating a structure called an osteon.
 III. Muscullar Tissue
Muscullar tissue is specialized for contraction. The cells are elongated, and
are also known as muscle fibers. They contain the contractile proteins actin
and myosin, which interact to shorten and elongate the cells. There
are three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

a. Skeletal muscle (muscle composite slide)

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones, and contraction of these muscles
generates body movements (limb movement, jaw movement, breathing, etc.).
The skeletal muscle fibers are long and cylindrical, with multiple peripherally
located nuclei. The cells have striations, alternating light and dark bands that
result from the ordered arrangement of actin and myosin within the cell.
 Cardiac muscle (muscle composite slide)
Cardiac muscle is present in the heart. Cells are striated, but the striations
are much less obvious than in skeletal muscle tissue. The cells are shorter
than skeletal muscle fibers, have a single nucleus and are often branched.
Individual cells are connected via gap junctions and desmosomes. These
cellular connections are visible under the microscope as dark bands called
intercalated disks. These cellular communication junctions are necessary for
the coordinated beating of the heart.
Smooth muscle (muscle composite slide & artery/vein/nerve slide)

Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the
gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, and the urinary bladder. Contractions of these muscles
propel fluid or materials through the organs (i.e. food through the GI tract, blood through
blood vessels, urine pushed out of bladder). Smooth muscle cells are not striated (hence the
name “smooth” muscle); they have a single nucleus, and have tapered ends. Examine the
smooth muscle on the muscle composite slide as well as the blood vessel slide. In blood
vessels there is a layer of smooth muscle deep to the epithelial layer. It is thicker on the artery
than on the vein, but can be seen in both.
 IV. Nervous Tissues

Nervous tissue is specialized for communication and composes the brain,

spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The tissue consists of two major cell types:
neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate with each other via electrical
and chemical signals.
They have nucleated cell bodies and two types of elongated cellular
processes: dendrites – which receive signals, and axons – which send signals.
Glial cells are the support cells of nervous tissue. There are several different
types with various functions, including maintaining proper ion concentrations
in the fluid surrounding neurons, generating myelin (an insulating material
that surrounds some axons), and cleaning up debris.
ANY QUESTION ??