CHANGE

OF A MATTER`S STATE
 PHASES OF A MATTER
A matter can exist in several different forms,or states, known as phases

Phases of a matter depend on ambient pressure, temperature and

These phases include the three familiar ones (solids, liquids, and gases), as well as more
exotic states of matter ( such as plasmas, superfluids, supersolids, ...)

 A fluid may be a liquid, gas or plasma.

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MATTER’S PHASE
A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and
physical properties
(such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).

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PHASES VS THERMODYNAMIC STATES
Phases are sometimes called states of matter, but this term can lead to confusion with
thermodynamic states.

e.g. two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states
(different pressures), but in the same phase (both are gases).

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PHASE DIAGRAM FOR A TYPICAL SUBSTANCE
 Vertical axis is Pressure,
 horizontal axis is Temperature.

The green line marks the freezing point (above the green line
the matter is in solid state, below it is in liquidstate )
the blue line: the boiling point (above the matter is in state
liquid and below it is in gas state).
 at higher T, a higher P is necessary to maintain the
substance in liquid phase.
The red line: the boundary where sublimation or deposition
can occur.

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 TRIPLE POINT OF THE THREE MATTER’S PHASES
 Vertical axis is Pressure,
 horizontal axis is Temperature.

At the triple point of the three phases; liquid, gas and

solid; can coexist.

Above the critical point there is no detectable difference

between the phases.

The dotted line shows the anomalous behavior of water:

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ice melts at relatively constant temperature with increasing pressure.
EFFECT OF VARYING PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF A MATTER

The green lines

 the freezing point can vary with pressure

the blue line

 the boiling point can vary with pressure.

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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PARTICLES WHEN THEY ARE HEATED?

When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster.  As
atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases.
The motion and spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the
substance.
 The end result of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes
up more space

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 ULTIMATE EFFECT OF INCREASING THE
TEMPERURE
If energy is supplied by heating a solid, the heat energy causes stronger vibrations until the
particles eventually have enough energy to break away from the solid arrangement to form
a liquid.

The heat energy required to convert 1 mole of solid into a liquid at its melting point is called
the enthalpy of fusion.

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 EFFECT OF DECREASING THE TEMPERURE

When the temperature is decreasing to certain level, heat energy is evolved.

At some temperature, the motion of the particles is slow enough for the forces of attraction
that could be able to hold the particles as a solid.
 a liquid freezes

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CRYSTALIZATION VS MELTING
At a temperature below the freezing point, a liquid will
tend to crystallize, changing to its solid form.

At a temperature above the freezing point the opposite

transition from solid to liquid,  melting.

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CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a
solution

Crystallization  an aspect of precipitation, obtained through a variation of the

solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to
chemical reaction.

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CRYSTALLIZATION: A CHEMICAL SOLID–LIQUID SEPARATION TECHNIQUE

Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique

 in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline
phase occurs.

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CRYSTALLINE VS AMORPH

a single crystal has atoms in a near-perfect periodic arrangement;

a polycrystal is composed of many microscopic crystals (called "crystallites" or
"grains");
an amorphous solid (such as glass) has no periodic arrangement even
microscopically

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BOILING

If more heat energy is supplied to a liquid, the particles eventually move fast enough
to break all the attractions between them, and the liquid boils.
The heat energy required to convert 1 mole of liquid into a gas at its boiling point is
called the enthalpy of vaporisation.

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BOILING OF A LIQUID
At a temperature below the boiling point,
any matter in liquid form will evaporate until the
condensation of gas above reach an equilibrium. At this
point the gas will condense at the same rate as the
liquid evaporates.
a liquid cannot exist permanently if the evaporated
liquid is continually removed  distillation

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DISTILLATION
At the temperature of boiling point,
any matter in liquid form will evaporate until the
condensation of gas reach an equilibrium. At this point
the gas will condense at the same rate as the liquid
evaporates.
if the evaporated liquid is continually removed , it is a
distillation process

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EFFECT OF DECREASING TEMPERATURE ON
GAS
If a gas is cooled, at some temperature the gas particles will slow down enough for
the attractions to become effective enough to condense the gas and becoming a
liquid.

 heat energy is released

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INCREASING TEMPERATURE OF A LIQUID
The average energy of the particles in a liquid is governed by
the temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher the average energy.

But within that average, some particles THAT have energies

higher than the average
EVAPORATE

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THE EVAPORATION OF A LIQUID
The higher the temperature, the higher the average energy.
some particles have energies higher than the average .
Some of the more energetic particles on the surface of the
liquid can be moving fast enough to escape from the
attractive forces holding the liquid together. They evaporate.

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HOW DOES WATER EVAPORATE?
evaporation only takes place on the surface of the liquid.
boiling happens when there is enough energy to disrupt the
attractive forces throughout the liquid.
at boiling water, bubbles of gas is formed all the way through the
liquid.
water which is just evaporating in the sun, you don't see any
bubbles. Water molecules are simply breaking away from the
surface layer.
Eventually, the water will all evaporate in this way. The energy
which is lost as the particles evaporate is replaced from the
surroundings. As the molecules in the water jostle with each other,
new molecules will gain enough energy to escape from the
surface.

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CAN A LIQUID IN A CLOSED CONTAINER
EVAPORATE?
Now imagine what happens if the liquid is in a closed container.
Common sense tells you that water in a sealed bottle doesn't
seem to evaporate - or at least, it doesn't disappear over time.
But there is constant evaporation from the surface. Particles
continue to break away from the surface of the liquid –
 but this time they are trapped in the space above the liquid.

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SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE
IN A CLOSED CONTAINER CONTAINING
WATER
As the gaseous particles bounce around, some of them will hit the
surface of the liquid again, and be trapped there.
There will rapidly be an equilibrium set up in which the number of
particles leaving the surface is exactly balanced by the number
rejoining it.
In this equilibrium, there will be a fixed number of the gaseous
particles in the space above the liquid.
When these particles hit the walls of the container, they exert a
pressure.
This pressure is called the saturated vapour pressure (also known
as saturation vapour pressure) of the liquid.

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 CAN A SOLID EVAPORATE?
The forces of attraction in many solids are too high to allow much loss of particles from the
surface.
In most cases, at ordinary temperatures, the saturated vapour pressures of solids range from
low to very, very, very low.
However, there are some which do easily form vapours.  the sublimation phenomenon

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 SUBLIMATION

Solids can lose particles from their surface to form a vapour,

 Sublimation is the direct change from solid to vapour (or vice versa) without going through
the liquid stage.

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 SUBLIMATION OF A SOLID
 naphthalene (used in old-fashioned "moth balls" to deter clothes moths) has quite a strong
smell.
Molecules must be breaking away from the surface as a vapour, because otherwise you
wouldn't be able to smell it
=========================
the solid carbon dioxide - "dry ice“ never forms a liquid at atmospheric pressure and
always converts directly from solid to vapour.  That's why it is known as dry ice.

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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PARTICLES WHEN THEY ARE HEATED?

When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster.
As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases. The motion and
spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the substance. The end
result of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes up more
space
 the marterial expands  expansion phenomenon

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WHAT IS EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER?

Materials expand or contract when subjected to changes in temperature.

Most materials expand when they are heated, and contract when they are cooled .

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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF EXPANSION IN SCIENCE?

Expansion is defined as the act of getting bigger or something added onto something
else.
An example of an expansion is an extra three rooms built onto a house.

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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF CONTRACTION IN
SCIENCE?
A contraction is the act of decreasing the size of something or shortening it, or it can
be the process of becoming smaller or compressed.

The two most well-known uses of ‘contraction WORD’ involve muscles and words.

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 PHASE DIAGRAM OF A MATTER

The red line shows the boundary

where sublimation or deposition can
occur.

The dotted line gives the anomalous behaviour of water

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EFFECT OF VARYING PRESSURE ON STATE OF A MATTER

The green lines  the freezing point can vary with

pressure,
the blue line  the boiling point can vary with pressure.

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LIQUID & EVAPORATION

At a temperature below the boiling point, any matter

in liquid form will evaporate until the condensation of
gas above reach an equilibrium.
At this equilibrium point (BOILING POINT) the gas will
condense at the same rate as the liquid evaporates.

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At a temperature below the freezing point, a liquid will tend to crystallize, changing to its solid
form.
the opposite transition from solid to liquid (BY INCREASING TEMPERATURE  THE SOLID melts

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