CH2OH CH2OH

H O H H O H
H H
4 H 1 4 H 1
OH OH
OH OH OH OH

H OH H OH

α -D-Glucose α -D-Glucose
 CH2OH CH2OH

H O H H O H
H H
4 H 1 4 H 1
OH OH
OH O
OH

H OH H OH

α (1→4)
Glycosidic bond

α -D-Glucopyranosyl - (1→4) - α -D-Glucopyranose

α -D-Glucose CH2OH
CH2OH
O H
H H
H O
H
4 H 1 H
OH 4 H 1
OH OH
OH OH
H OH α, (1→ 2)
H OH
O Glycosidic bond
HO2HC 1 1
O OH HO2HC
O
2
β-D-Fructose H OH H OH
2

CH2OH CH2OH
H H
OH H OH H
 CH2OH
H HO2HC 1 H
H O O
H 2
4 H 1
H OH
OH CH2OH
OH O 6

OH H
H OH

α, (1→ 2)Glycosidic

bond
α -D-Glucopyranosyl - (1→2) – β- D-Fructofuranoside
 Lactose

CH2OH CH2OH

OH O OH H O H
H H
4 H 1 4 H 1
OH OH
H H OH OH

H OH H OH

β -D-Galactose α -D-Glucose
 Lactose

CH2OH CH2OH

OH O H O H
H H
4 H 1 O 4 H 1
OH OH
H H OH

H OH β(1→4) H OH
glycosidic bond

β -D-Galactopyranosyl - (1→4) – α -D-Glucopyranose

 STARCH
 Reserve food material in plant cells
 Homopolymer of α-D-glucose units.
 Amylose (15-35%) and Amylopectin (65-85%)
 Amylose
 linear
 α-D-glucose units
 α1,4 glycosidic linkage
 Amylopectin
 branched
 α-D-glucose units
 α1,4 and α1,6 glycosidic linkages
 STARCH

α1,4 Glycosidic bond

α1,6 Glycosidic bond

Branching occurs
every 30 units
α1,4 Glycosidic bond
Branching occurs
every 10 units
β1,4 Glycosidic bond
 CHITIN
 Structural polysaccharide
 Found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
 Found in the cell walls of fungi.
 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine joined by β-1,4 glycosidic linkages.

N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylglucosamine
 GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
Mucopolysaccharides
 Complex carbohydrates containing mainly amino sugars
and uronic acids
 Connective tissue, synovial fluid of joints, cornea, cartilage,
saliva, etc.
 Eg. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, heparin
 Mucopolysaccharide linked to protein - proteoglycan
(mucoprotein)
 Hyaluronic acid – β-D-Glucuronic acid and
N-acetylglucosamine
Hyaluronic acid
 PEPTIDOGLYCANS
(Mureins)
• Polysaccharide linked to short peptide chains
• Found in the cell walls of many bacteria
• Alternating units of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl
muramic acid linked by its carboxyl group to the short
peptide chain
• Hydrolysed by the enzyme lysozyme resulting in rupture of
bacterial cell wall
 Discussion
 Maltose - structure, linkage
 Sucrose - structure, linkage
 Lactose – structure, linkage
 Components of Starch
 Linkage in cellulose
 Mucopolysaccharide
 Murein
 Chitin