HYPOTHESIS

OBJECTIVES

1. Identify research hypothesis and the

different hypothesis classification.
 What is the difference between a
Researcher/Scientist and a Fortune Teller/
Soothsayer?
Directions:
I’m going to show you some sentences and you’ll have to
decide if they are FACT or BLUFF. You must say BLUFF or
FACT, after that you’ll have to explain why you think they
are FACT or BLUFF.
 TIMER!!!

Statement 1
00:15:00

The chances of a coin

landing on heads are the
same chances of landing
on tails. It’s fifty-fifty.
 ANSWER

BLUFF
It isn’t fifty-fifty. If the coin is heads up to begin with, it’s
more likely to land on heads. Students at Standford
University recorded thousands of coin tosses with high-
speed cameras and discovered the chances are
approximately fifty-one to forty-nine.
 TIMER!!!
Statement 2
00:15:00

A person whose mother tongue is very

different from English will never lose
his/her accent when moving to the United
States.
 ANSWER

BLUFF
“ Once you’re an adult it takes longer, but it happens. Especially if you’re
trying hard and having pronunciation classes. It doesn’t matter if you were
born in Pakistan or if your English teacher is French or if you live in Columbia.
It’s always possible to lose your original accent and speak English like a native
speaker. Everything depends on you.”

Jeremy Harmer
 TIMER!!!
Question 3
00:15:00
A cloud weighs
like a 100
elephants.
 ANSWER

FACT
According to the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder,
Colorado, an average cloud weighs about 100 elephants, while a big storm the
clouds can weigh about 200,000 elephants.
 TIMER!!!

Statement 4
00:15:00
Oranges are
always yellow or
orange.
 ANSWER

BLUFF
In many countries, oranges are green, even when ripe, and
are sold that way in shops. Some oranges are a cross
between tangerines and the pomelo or “Chinese
grapefruit” (which is light green or yellow), and were first
grown in Southeast Asia. Vietnamese oranges and Thai
tangerines are bright green on the outside and orange only
on the inside.
 TIMER!!!

Statement 5
00:15:00

The egg came first

than the chicken.
 ANSWER

FACT
As the geneticist J. B. S. Haldane remarked, “ The most frequently asked
question is: ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg?’ The fact that it is still
asked proves either that many people have never been taught the theory of
evolution or that they don’t believed it” With that in mind, the answer
becomes obvious. Bird evolved from reptiles, so the first bird must have come
out of an egg – laid by a reptile.
 INTRODUCTION
Hypothesis is an important & integral
component of modern scientific research.
Formulation of Hypothesis plays an
important part in the growth of knowledge
in science.
It is regarded as an important mental
tool & considered as the principal
instrument in research.
 MEANING
Term derived from Greek word
“HYPOTITHENAI”
• HYPO ——“to put under or to suppose”
• THESIS ——“proposal”
 DEFINITION
• “Hypothesis is an conjectural statement of the
relation between two or more variables”.
Kerlinger
•“It
is a tentative generalization, the validity of
which remains to be tested”.
Lundburg
 PURPOSE
1. They guide you on which aspect of
the research to focus on.
2. They provide opportunities to prove
the relationship between variables.
3. They give the right direction of the
research.
 PURPOSE
4. They outline your thoughts on your
manner of summarizing the results and of
explaining the conclusions.
5. They push for an empirical study to
prove the existence of relationship of
variables and the effects of independent
variable on the dependent variable.
 Hypothesis Vs. Research Questions
In an experimental research that takes
place in a scientific method, one of your initial
acts is formulating these two: research
questions and hypotheses. Both are related to
your research but they are not exactly the
same. Their difference lies in the amount of
stock knowledge you have about the focus of
your study.
 Hypothesis Vs. Research Questions

If you know much about the variables or

have lots of knowledge about other factual
data involved in the research through your
review of related literature, you can formulate
hypotheses. Otherwise, form research
questions.
 SOURCE
1. THEORY
2. OBSERVATION
3. INTUTION & PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
4. RESULT OF PREVIOUS STUDIES
5. CONTINUITY OF RESEARCH
CATEGORIES OF HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

NULL ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
CATEGORIES OF HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

NULL ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

Next
 CATEGORIES OF HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
A null hypothesis symbolized by Ho, which states the
absence of relationship between the independent and
dependent variables. It is therefore a statement to disprove the
fact that the independent variable (treatment, intervention, or
condition) has an effect on the dependent variable.

Example: As a result of the XYZ company employee training

program, there will be no significant difference in employee
absenteeism.
Back
 CATEGORIES OF HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
The opposite of null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis.
Symbolized by Hi or H1, the alternative hypothesis states the
relationship between the independent and the dependent
variables and the fact that the first affects the second one.

Example: As a result of the XYZ company employee training

program, there will be a significant decrease in employee
absenteeism.

Back
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

GENERAL STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

SIMPLE COMPLEX RESEARCH NULL

HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
 CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

GENERAL STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

SIMPLE COMPLEX RESEARCH NULL

HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
•A simple hypothesis concerns the relationship
between an independent & dependent variable.
•A simple is also called Bivariate hypothesis.
•Example: The lower the level of Hb, the higher is
the infection among postpartum women

Back
 COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
•A Complex hypothesis concerns a relationship where two or
more independent variables or both are being examined in the
same study.

• A complex hypothesis is also Multivariate hypothesis.

• A hypothesis is either supported totally or not supported.
• Example: Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older &
dwelling in rural area, than those who are younger & dwelling
in urban area.
Back
 NULL HYPOTHESIS (H o)
•It is used for statistical testing & for interpreting
statistical outcomes.

•It is used when the researcher believes there is no

relationship between the two variables & when
theoretical or empirical information is inadequate to
state a research hypothesis.

•It is non-directional by nature.

Example: There is no relationship between smoking &
incidence of coronary artery disease. Back
 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• Research hypothesis states the expected relationship
between variables.
• Theresearch hypothesis is also known as scientific,
substantive & theoretical hypothesis.
• This will be helpful for understanding what the
researcher expects to find after analyzing the data.
• Itis directional by nature or it can be descriptive,
relational & casual.
Example: There is a relationship between smoking &
incidence of lung cancer. Back
 DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
• Thehypothesis which stipulates the direction of the
expected difference or relationship.
• Directional
hypothesis is a statement or conjuncture
where the two variables of the study are expressed as
having some relationship in certain direction.
Example: There will be a positive relationship between
extra coaching & academic achievement.

Back
 NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
•A research hypothesis which does not specify the
direction of expected difference or relationship is
non-directional hypothesis.
•In this case the difference can be in any direction.
Example: There will be a difference in adaptability
of fathers & mothers towards rearing of their
children.
Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis

• Written in a declarative sentence.

• Written in the present tense.
• Reflect the problem statement or purpose
statement.
• Be empirically tested.
• Contains variables.
• Contains the population.
 Let’s do this!!!

Directions: Write Ho on the line if the statement is a null

hypothesis for the given research problem; H1, if it is an
alternative hypotheses; and X if it is not a hypotheses.

Quantitative Research Problem: In what order should the

18 senatorial candidates be ranked on the basis of their
experience on legal management?
_______ 1. One-half of the senatorial candidates are
knowledgeable about law.
_______ 2. Two-thirds of the senatorial candidates have no
knowledge about law.
_______ 3. Being lawyers means having rich background
knowledge on law.
_______ 4. The lone lawyer among the candidates will be
in rank one.
_______ 5. The only lawyer in the group will not be number
one in the rank
 Seat work!!!
Direction: Using your creativity/art skills create this bubble graph
and complete it with the right words to indicate hypotheses
classification.
 Assignment!!
Directions: Check the column that speaks of the
extent of learning you have had about hypotheses.