The

IMRaD Format
What is IMRaD?
 `
IMRaD - Introduction,
Methods, Research and
Discussion is a mnemonic for
a common format used for
academic ['scientific'] research
papers.
What goes
on into
each
section?
or
What’s ask in each
section?
 Introduction – What did you start?
Methods – What did you do?
Results – What did you find?
and
Discussion – What does it all
mean?
Introduction – What did you start?

Rationale of the study

The reason or reasons why it
is necessary to conduct the study.
Sample IMRAD.docx
- Supply sufficient background information to
allow reader to understand and evaluate the result
of the study.
- Review pertinent literature to orient the reader
- Define the gap and shortcomings in current state
of knowledge.
 What gap in knowledge did you try to
fill
 What controversy did you try to
resolve?
- State aim of the study,
briefly, clear and to the
Point
- Written in future/past tense
- Define any specialized terms
or abbreviation you intend
to use. Sample IMRAD.docx
- State the study group
or respondents.
- State the importance
Methods – What did you do?
This section must answer:
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
How? And
Why?
Who? – Respondents of the study
& how selected
What? – Study Design (Descriptive
or Inferential)
When? – scope & delimitation
Where? – Place of study
How? – Data Gathering method &
Instrument
Statistical Treatment of
the data
Result – What did you find?
Result of all the data
gathered, text, tables and
figures.
Response rate
Discussion – What does it
mean?
Discussion of findings.
Implication of the
findings
Conclusion – it is simply
summarizing the findings,
what it means (Imply) and
how it can be applied for
future practice or policy
Recommendation
- it is formulated to improve
a particular field specified in
the research study.
- It must be based from the
findings.
- It must address a
particular sector concern or
intended beneficiary.
- It must be stated like objectives.
- It must be specifically stated,
measurable, achievable or doable,
result-oriented, and time-bound.
- It must be sequential based on the
findings of the study
 writing the research title
Here are the basic questions asked about the
research title?
- Does the title describe what the study is all
about?
- Does the title contain high specificity level?
- Is the title academically phrased and is not
verbose?
- Is the title within the twelve (12) substantive
word requirement of the American
Psychological Association (APA)?
Example of a complete title:
THE TEACHING OF PHILIPPINE
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE BA
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
STUDENTS OF ISABELA STATE
UNIVERSITY AS PERCEIVED BY THE
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING
THE SCHOOL YEAR 2013-2015
 Let us evaluate the title –
Subject or study: The teaching of
Philippine Administrative
System
Locale/Place of the Study: ISU
Population involved: BAPA teachers
& students
Period of the study: SY 2013-2015
After the evaluation……
brief and concise form of the title and a
better one:
THE TEACHING OF PHILIPPINE
ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
IN THE PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
STUDENTS
OF ISABELA STATE
UNIVERSITY
How to write the
ABSTRACT
 An ABSTRACT is a brief
summary of the study. It should
contain the ff:
- Conclusion
- Findings
- Shorten statement of the
problem
- Shorten method of the study
- Shorten design of the study
- It must be limited to at
least one page or 120
words. Sample IMRAD.docx
References –
This is the portion of the
research work where citations of
works from books, journal articles, or
private communications are
enumerated.
Reference Format.docx
Writing the Problem of the study (Statement
of the problem)

-Start with a general statement. It must be

declarative.

Example: The study was conducted to

assess the motivations for
committing crime among 40
prisoners in Santiago City
District Jail.
- Then write the specific questions in
interrogative way.
- Specific questions must be clear and has
only one meaning.
- Each specific question is researchable
apart from the other questions.
- It must contribute to the development of
the whole research problem or topic.
- The number of specific questions should
be enough to cover the development of
the whole research study.
Example:
Specifically, it sought to answer the
following questions,
1. What is the socio-economic profile of the
prisoners in Santiago City District Jail?
2. What are the crimes committed by the
prisoners? and
3. What are the reasons and feelings for
crimes committed by the prisoners?
 Formulating the
Hypothesis (Ho)

A hypothesis is a tentative
statement about the relationship of two
or more variables. It is a specific,
testable predictions about what you
expect to happen in your study. The null
hypothesis is usually used in our
institutional researches.
Example:
There is no significant
difference between gender
and the reasons and feelings
for crimes committed by the
prisoners.
 Organizing the Review of Related Literature and
studies (RRLS)

Review means to go over the materials,

books, journals articles, theses, dissertations and
internet presentations.
The purpose is to determine what has been
written about the study.

related means similar especially on the

problem dimension
Steps on how to do the rrls:
1. Search preliminary sources
such as books, articles,
theses, etc…
2. Use secondary source – a
document written by
someone who do not actually
do the research.
3. Obtain the original outputs or
studies that are most central
to your proposed investigation.
4. Synthesize the literature.
5. Identify recommendations for
further study.
Documentation style
Do paraphrasing – How?
1. Replace a word with synonym.
2. Paraphrasing can be longer or
shorter than the original.
3. Concentrate on the meaning not
on words.
4. Look for synonyms
that have exact
meaning.
5. Avoid using abstract
words.
6. however, it is better
to keep the important
words and change the
sentence structure.