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This document provides an introduction to cost management principles. It discusses how managerial accounting provides cost data for products, operations, and functions to help management compare actual costs to budgets and make decisions. It defines key cost management terms like direct and indirect costs, cost objects, cost units, and cost centers. It also explains how costs are classified, coded, and behave at different activity levels. Finally, it discusses how costs are accumulated and treated for inventory valuation.
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This document provides an introduction to cost management principles. It discusses how managerial accounting provides cost data for products, operations, and functions to help management compare actual costs to budgets and make decisions. It defines key cost management terms like direct and indirect costs, cost objects, cost units, and cost centers. It also explains how costs are classified, coded, and behave at different activity levels. Finally, it discusses how costs are accumulated and treated for inventory valuation.
This document provides an introduction to cost management principles. It discusses how managerial accounting provides cost data for products, operations, and functions to help management compare actual costs to budgets and make decisions. It defines key cost management terms like direct and indirect costs, cost objects, cost units, and cost centers. It also explains how costs are classified, coded, and behave at different activity levels. Finally, it discusses how costs are accumulated and treated for inventory valuation.
Management 1 Cost and management accounting Provides management with costs for products, inventories, operations or functions and compares actual to predetermined data It also provides a variety of data for many day-to-day decision as well as essential information for long-range decisions Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 2 Functions of managerial accounting Determining the cost Providing relevant information for better decision-making Providing information for planning, control, decision-making and application
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 3 Planning Deals with the estimation of product costs, setting up of costing system to record cost data, preparation of cost standards and budgets, planning of materials and manpower resources, analysing cost behavior with changes in levels of activity
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 4 Control Deals with the maintenance of product costing record, comparison of actual performance with standards or budgets, anlaysis of variances, recommendation of corrective actions, controlling cost to ensure operational efficiency and effectiveness
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 5 Decision-making Deals with whether it is more profitable to make or buy a component, determine the economic order quantity and production batch size, replace fixed asset, add or drop products, decide pricing
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 6 Application Cost accounting has extended from manufacturing operations to a variety of service industries such as hotels, bands, airline, etc Cost accounting system should be flexible and adaptable to meet the new business environment and the changing nature of the company Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 7 Element of cost Cost object Cost Cost unit Cost centre Profit centre
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 8 Cost object It is an activity or item or operation for which a separate measurement of costs is desired E.g. the cost of operating the personnel department of a company, the cost of a repair fob, and the cost for control
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 9 Cost It is the amount of expenditure incurred on a specific cost object Total cost = quantity used * cost per unit (unit cost)
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 10 Cost unit It is a quantitative unit of product or service in which costs are ascertained, e.g. cost per table made, cost per metre of cloth
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 11 Cost centre It is a location or function of an organisation in respect of which costs are ascertained E.g. the rent, rates and maintenance of buildings; the wages and salaries of strorekeepers
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 12 Profit centre It is location or function where managers are accountable for sales revenues and expenses E.g. division of a company that is responsible for the sales of products
Management 14 Direct cost Cost that can be identified specifically with or traced to a given cost object The direct costs consist of the following three elements: Direct materials Direct labour Direct expenses
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 15 Direct materials The cost of materials – the cost of materials used entering into and becoming the elements of a product or service E.g. fabrics in garments
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 16 Direct labour The cost of remuneration for working time E.g. assembly workers’ wages in toy assembly
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 17 Direct expenses Other costs which are incurred for a specific product or service E.g. royalties
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 18 Indirect cost (overhead) Cost that cannot be identified specifically with or traced to a given cost object They are identified with cost centres as overheads Indirect materials Indirect labour Indirect expenses
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 19 Indirect materials Such as stationery, consumable supplies, spare parts for machine that assist to the production of final products
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 20 Indirect labour Such as salaries of factory supervision and office staff that do not directly involve in production of the final product
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 21 Indirect expenses Such as rent, rates, depreciation, maintenance expenses that do not have instant relationships with the manufacturing processes
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 22 Cost accumulation •Prime cost = direct materials + direct labour + direct expenses
•Production cost = Prime cost + factory overhead
OR = Direct materials + Conversion cost *Conversion cost is the production cost of converting raw materials into finished product
•Total cost = Prime cost + Overheads (admin, selling,distribution cost)
OR = Production cost + period cost (administrative, selling, distribution and finance cost) •Period cost is treated as expenses and matched against sales for calculating profit, e.g. office rental Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 23 Cost coding A code is a system of symbols designed to be applied to a classified set of items to give a brief, accurate reference, facilitating entry, collation and analysis Coding is important in modern computerised accounting systems for catergories various composite accounting items Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 24 Reasons To reducing error owing to descriptions Enable easy recalling Reduce computer file size as a code
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 25 Cost behaviour Costs can be classified into variable, fixed, semi-variable, or step-costs according to how they behave with respect of changes in activity levels
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 26 Variable cost It increases or decreases in direct proportion to levels of activity, but the unit variable cost remains constant E.g. cost of food served in a restaurant
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 27 Fixed cost Total fixed cost remains constant over a relevant range of activity level but unit fixed cost falls with an increase in activity volume
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 28 Semi-variable cost It processes characteristics of both fixed and variable cost It increases or decreases with activity level but not in direct proportion
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 29 Step cost It remains constant for a range of activity levels, then, on further increase in activity, the cost jumps to a new level and remains constant over a certain range until the next jump occurs
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 30 Cost for stock valuation Unexpired and expired cost Product and period cost
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 31 Unexpired cost Unexpired costs are the resources that have been acquired and are expected to contribute to the future revenue They will be recorded as assets in current period They will be charged as expenses when they have been consumed in the generation of revenue Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 32 Expired costs Expired costs are the expenses attributable to the generation of revenue in the current period
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 33 Product cost Product cost are related to the goods purchased or produced for resale If the products are sold, the product cost will be included in the cost of goods sold and recorded as expenses in current period If the products are unsold, the product costs will be included in the closing stock and recorded as assets in the balance sheet
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 34 Period cost Period cost related to the operation of a business They are treated as fixed cost and charged as expenses when they are incurred They should not be included in the stock valuation
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 35 Comparison of cost, management and financial accounting
Management 37 Financial accounting Provides information to users who are external to the business It reports on past transactions to draw up financial statements The format are governed by law and accounting standards established by the professional accounting policies
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 38 Cost accounting Is concerned with internal users of accounting information, such as operation managers The generated reports are specific to the requirement of the management The reporting can be in any format which suits the user
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 39 Management accounting Comprises all cost accounting functions The accounting for product and service costs, management accounting extends to use various internal accounting reports for planning, control and decision making
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 40 Cost and management accounting Vs. Financial accounting
costs in product or External financial job statements are Reports produced produced are for internal management and contol Accounting Not based on the Follows the double system double entry system entry system
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 42 Management Financial accounting (cost)accounting Accounting No need to use Use Generally
Adopt any Principles for recording accounting techniques transactions that generates useful accounting information Users of Used by different Used by external
information levels of management parties: shareholders,
or departments creditors, government, responsible for etc respective activities Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost Management 43 Management Financial accounting (cost)accounting Operation Based on Conforms to company guidelines management Ordinances, stock instructions and exchange rules, or requirements HKSSAPs standards
Time span Reports are Reports are prepared
prepared whenever for a definite period,
needed usually yearly and half They may be yearly prepared on a weekly or daily basis
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 44 Management Financial accounting (cost)accounting Time focus Future orientation: Past orientation: use forecasts, estimates of historic data for and historic data for reporting and management evaluation actions
Perspective Detailed analysis of Financial summary of
parts of the entity, the whole orgainisation products, regions, etc
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 45 Cost accounting vs. Management accounting
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 46 Management Cost accounting accounting Objective To provide To ascertain and information for control cost planning and decision making by the management
Basic of Concerned with Based on both present
recording transactions related and future transactions to the future for cost ascertainment
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 47 Management Cost accounting accounting Coverage Covers a wider Covers matters area: financial relating to accounts, cost ascertainment and accounts, taxation, control of cost of etc. product or service
Utility Only the needs of The needs of both
internal internal and external management interested groups
Chapter 1- Introduction to Cost
Management 48 Management Cost accounting accounting Types of Deals with both Deals only with transactions monetary any non- monetary transactions, monetary covering only transactions, quantitative aspect covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects