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Network Theorems
FIG. 9.1 Removing a voltage source and a current source to permit the application
of the superposition theorem.
FIG. 9.4 Replacing the 36 V voltage FIG. 9.5 Using the results of Figs.
source by a short-circuit equivalent to 9.3 and 9.4 to determine current I2
determine the effect of the 9 A current
for the network in Fig. 9.2.
source on current I2.
FIG. 9.6 Plotting power delivered to the 6Ω resistor versus current through
the resistor.
FIG. 9.9 Using the superposition theorem to determine the effect of the 54 V voltage
source on current I2 in Fig. 9.8.
FIG. 9.10 Using the superposition theorem to determine the effect of the 48 V
voltage source on current I2 in Fig. 9.8.
FIG. 9.25 Substituting the Thévenin equivalent circuit for a complex network.
• Preliminary:
1. Remove that portion of the network where
the Thévenin equivalent circuit is found. In
Fig. 9.25(a), this requires that the load
resistor RL be temporarily removed from
the network.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-
terminal network. (The importance of this
step will become obvious as we progress
through some complex networks.)
• RTh:
– 3. Calculate RTh by first setting all sources
to zero (voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and current sources by open
circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked
terminals. (If the internal resistance of the
voltage and/or current sources is included
in the original network, it must remain
when the sources are set to zero.)
• ETh:
– 4. Calculate ETh by first returning all
sources to their original position and
finding the open-circuit voltage
between the marked terminals. (This
step is invariably the one that causes
most confusion and errors. In all
cases, keep in mind that it is the
opencircuit potential between the two
terminals marked in step 2.)
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Boylestad publishing as Pearson [imprint]
THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Thévenin’s Theorem Procedure
• Conclusion:
– 5. Draw the Thévenin equivalent
circuit with the portion of the circuit
previously removed replaced between
the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
This step is indicated by the
placement of the resistor RL between
the terminals of the Thévenin
equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.
9.25(b).
Introductory Circuit Analysis, 12/e Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Boylestad publishing as Pearson [imprint]
THÉVENIN’S THEOREM
Thévenin’s Theorem Procedure
FIG. 9.29 Determining ETh for the FIG. 9.30 Measuring ETh for the
network in Fig. 9.27. network in Fig. 9.27.
FIG. 9.33 Establishing the terminals FIG. 9.34 Determining RTh for the
of particular interest for the network
network in Fig. 9.33.
in Fig. 9.32.
FIG. 9.35 Determining ETh for the FIG. 9.36 Substituting the Thévenin
network in Fig. 9.33. equivalent circuit in the network external
to the resistor R3 in Fig. 9.32.
FIG. 9.45 Solving for RTh for the network in Fig. 9.44.
• Measuring Eth
• Measuring RTh
FIG. 9.54 Measuring the Thévenin voltage with a voltmeter: (a) actual network; (b)
Thévenin equivalent.
FIG. 9.55 Measuring RTh with an ohmmeter: (a) actual network; (b) Thévenin equivalent.
FIG. 9.57 Determining RTh using the short-circuit current: (a) actual network; (b) Thévenin
equivalent.
• Preliminary:
– 1. Remove that portion of the network
across which the Norton equivalent
circuit is found.
– 2. Mark the terminals of the remaining
two-terminal network.
• RN:
– 3. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to
zero (voltage sources are replaced with short
circuits and current sources with open
circuits) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked
terminals. (If the internal resistance of the
voltage and/or current sources is included in
the original network, it must remain when the
sources are set to zero.) Since RN = RTh, the
procedure and value obtained using the
approach described for Thévenin’s theorem
will determine the proper value of RN.
• IN:
– 4. Calculate IN by first returning all
sources to their original position and
then finding the short-circuit current
between the marked terminals. It is
the same current that would be
measured by an ammeter placed
between the marked terminals.
• Conclusion:
– 5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit
with the portion of the circuit
previously removed replaced between
the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
FIG. 9.66 Converting the Norton equivalent circuit in Fig. 9.65 to a Thévenin
equivalent circuit.
FIG. 9.75 Determining the contribution FIG. 9.76 Determining the contribution
to IN from the voltage source E1. to IN from the current source I.
FIG. 9.78 Defining the conditions for FIG. 9.79 Thévenin equivalent network
maximum power to a load using the to be used to validate the maximum
Thévenin equivalent circuit. power transfer theorem.
TABLE 9.1
FIG. 9.92 Converting all the sources in Fig. 9.91 to current sources.
FIG. 9.98 Converting the sources in Fig. FIG. 9.99 Reducing the current
9.97 to current sources. sources in Fig. 9.98 to a single
source.
FIG. 9.103 Equivalent branches for the branch a-b in Fig. 9.102.
FIG. 9.112 Using PSpice to determine the Thévenin voltage for a network using a
very large resistance value to represent the open-circuit condition between the
terminals of interest.