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ENGLISH PRESENTATION

THE EIFFEL TOWER

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 THE EIFFEL TOWER
 The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, nickname La
dame de fer, the iron lady) is an iron lattice tower located at
Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both
a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable
structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in
Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world;
millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its
designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as
the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
 HISTORY
 The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the
entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair
marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution.
Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of
puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two
and a half million rivetsMaurice Koechlin.
 Material
 The pig iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes
while the entire structure, including non-metal components, is
approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration of the
economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structure
were melted down it would fill the 125 metre square base to a
depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal
to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Depending on the ambient
temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun
by up to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the
metal on the side facing the sun.
 FEATURES
 The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the
same height as an 81-story building. Upon its completion,
it surpassed the Washingto Monument to assume the title
of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for
41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was
built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the
antenna, the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building.
Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest
structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
 DESIGN
 Credit for the design of the Eiffel Tower usually goes to French civil engineer
Gustave Eiffel (EHFEL in French), who had helped design the Statue of
Liberty. However, the original drawings were the work of Maurice Koechlin
(MOR-EES KAYKLAHN) and Emile Nouguier (ay-MEEL NOOGEE-AY), who
were the chief engineers for Eiffel’s company. In 1884, they developed the
tower’s design with the intention of entering it in a contest. The contest’s
organizers were looking for designs for the centerpiece of the 1889 World’s
Fair. Koechlin and Nouguier came up with a design for a tall tower made of a
latticework of iron beams. The beams would serve as four legs at the base
and would curve inward as they rose higher until they came together at the
top. Horizontal metal beams would join the four main beams at regular
intervals along the four sides of the structure.
 CONSTRUCTION
 The Eiffel Tower was constructed for the 1889 World’s Fair, which
marked the hundredth anniversary of the French Revolution. The tower
celebrates the power that citizens have when they band together. The
structure is situated along the south bank of the Seine (SEN) River on
the Champ de Mars (SHAWM DUH MARS), a large public greenspace.
People gather there day and night to marvel at the famous landmark.
Paris’s French nickname, La Ville-Lumière, is often translated as “City of
Light.” It actually means “City of Enlightenment,” referring to the value
that the people of the city place on culture and knowledge. The area
where the Eiffel Tower is located has many attractions,
including museums, gardens, fountains, ornamental ponds, and cultural
centers.
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