Base, Rate And Percentage

Base
It refers to that number of which a certain
number of hundredths is taken. Base and
Percentage are compared to obtain the rat. As
the basis of comparison, base is the number
generally preceded by the words “of” “as much
as” ,”as large as” , “as many as” and “as great
as”. Also, it is regarded as the whole.
Rate
It refers to the number of
hundredths taken. It is the result of
comparing a number (percentage which
is regarded as the portion or part) to
another number (base which is regarded
as the whole). It can be expressed in
percent, decimal, or fraction.
Percentage
It is the part considered in its quantitative
relation to the whole. In other words, it is the part
of the whole and the number being compared to
another number (base). The result obtained when
the rate is applied to the base is the percentage. It
is expressed in the same unit as the base, that is, if
the base is in pieces, the percentage is in pieces; if
the base is in the number of students, the
percentage is in the number of the students.
P=BxR

Where;
P is the Percentage
B is the Base
R is the Rate
 If we take 50 as the whole 20 as the part, the base is
50 (whole), percentage is 20 (part), and the rate is
20/50 (part/whole or percentage/base)

Example:
1. A department store has a total stock of 750 shoes,
of this, 50% are for ladies, 30% are for men, and
the rest are for children. Find the number of shoes
in each category. How many percent are the
children’s shoes?
2. A survey in a certain subdivision
showed that all the 375 households own
a TV set. If 45% of the households own
black and white TV sets, find the
number
a. of black and white TV sets
b. of colored TV sets
 Finding the rate of Increase/
(Decrease)
Decrease is placed in parentheses because it is
negative figure and that is how negative is expressed
in accounting.
To compute increase/ (decrease)
𝑄2 −𝑄1
Rate of Increase/ (Decrease)=
𝑄1
where 𝑄1 = Original quantity
𝑄2 = New quantity
 Example
Zeny’s current salary is P3, 600.00 a
month. Her previous salary was P3,
200.00. What is the rate of increase in
her salary?

current salary : P3, 600

previous salary : P3, 200
This month’s sales were P12, 000.00.
Last month, the sales were P15,000.00.
Find the rate of increase/ (decrease).

current sales : P12,000.00

previous sales : P15, 000.00
 Ratio, Rate and Proportion
Ratios are generally used in business in
cases of partnership sharing of profits
and losses. Assume that Xander, Yoly,
and Zeny are partners sharing profits and
losses in the ratio 1:2:3, respectively. If
the partnership incurred a net loss of
P10, 000.00 for the month, the share of
the partners in the loss would be:
Ratios and Rates
ratio – a comparison of two
numbers by division written
in several different forms.
rate – a ratio that compares
different kinds of units by
division to obtain a unit rate
or rate per unit.
The order of the numbers in
a ratio should match the
order of the words in a ratio.
apples to oranges
2 to 3
 Ratios can be written in
several different ways.
red to white

3 to 1
3:1
3/1
Ratios can show comparisons
between:
part to part
red to green
1 to 2
green to red
2 to 1
Ratios can show comparisons
between:
part to whole
red to whole
1 to 3
green to whole
2 to 3
 Ratios and Rates
Ratios can show comparisons
between:
whole to part
whole to red
3 to 1
whole to green
3 to 2
Compare octagon to all shapes

1 out of 8 1:8
1 to 8 1/8
Compare all shapes to trapezoid

8 to 1 8:1 8/1
Compare pentagons to hexagons

2 to 3 2:3 2/3
Give each ratio in three forms.
8 roses out of 24 flowers
8
8 to 24 8 : 24 24

3 dogs out of 12 animals

3
3 to 12 3 : 12
12
A ratio in fraction form can be
expressed in simplest form by
dividing the numerator and
denominator by a common
factor.
8 ÷8 1 3 ÷3 1
= =
24 ÷ 8 3 12 ÷ 3 4
To express a ratio as a rate per
unit, write the ratio as a fraction
and then divide the numerator
by the denominator.
395 miles in 5 hours
395 miles ? miles 79 miles
=
5 hours 1 hours per hour
 Express each ratio as a rate.
5 inches of rain in 30 days
5 ÷5 1
= inch of rain per day
30 ÷ 5 6
120 words in 3 minutes
120 ? words 40 words
=
3 1 per minute per minute
Ex: Write the ratio of 25 miles to 40 miles
in simplest form.

What are we comparing?

miles 25 miles to 40 miles
25 miles 25 5
 
40 miles 40 8
Units, like factors, simplify (divide common units out)
Simplify

The ratio is 5/8 or 5:8 or 5 to 8.

Ex: Write the ratio of 12 feet to 20 feet in
simplest form.

What are we comparing?

feet 12 feet to 20 feet
12 feet 12 3
 
20 feet 20 5
Units, like factors, simplify (divide common units out)
Simplify

The ratio is 3/5 or 3:5 or 3 to 5.

Ex: Write the ratio of 21 pounds to 7
pounds in simplest form.

What are we comparing?

pounds 21 pounds to 7 pounds
21 lbs 21 3
 
7 lbs 7 1
Units, like factors, simplify (divide common units out)
Simplify

The ratio is 3/1 or 3:1 or 3 to 1.

What is the ratio of cats to mice?

Number of Cats: 3

Number of Mice: 6

1
Express the ratio as a fraction: 2
Express the ratio in words: 1 to 2

Express the ratio with a colon: 1:2

 What is a ratio?

Example: There are 300 computers and 1200 students

in our school. What is the ratio of computers
to students?
A ratio is a
comparison of
two quantities.

Express the ratio in words: 1 to 4

Express the ratio with a colon: 1 : 4

1
Express the ratio as a fraction:
4

How many students are there for one computer?

Practice With Equivalent Ratios
Find an equivalent ratio by dividing:

30 30 ÷ 30 1
# 1 = =  Divide by 30
90 90 ÷ 30 3

15 15 ÷ 3 5  Divide by 3
# 2 = =
12 12 ÷ 3 4

125 125 ÷ 25 5
# 3 = =  Divide by 25
300 300 ÷ 25 12
 John and Mary make strawberry punch.
Whose punch has a stronger strawberry taste?

John: Mary:
2 parts concentrate 3 parts concentrate
4 parts water 5 parts water

 Write the ratio  Write the ratio

 Divide 2 by 4  Divide 3 by 5

 Write as a percentage  Write as a percentage

0.5x100 = 50 % 0.6x100 = 60 % concentrate

concentrate
stronger strawberry taste
Ex: The ratio of games won to games lost
for a baseball team is 3:2. The team won
18 games. How many games did the team
lose?
 Using ratios
The ratio of faculty members to
students in one school is 1:15.
There are 675 students. How
many faculty members are
there?
faculty 1
students 15
1 x
15 675
=
15x = 675
x = 45 faculty
 A rate is a ratio that is measured using two different
units.
A unit rate is a rate per one given unit, like 6 miles per 1
hour.
Ex: You can travel 120 miles on 6 gallons of gas.
What is your fuel efficiency in miles per gallon?

Rate = 120
________
miles = ________
20 miles
6 gallons 1 gallon

Your fuel efficiency is 20 miles per gallon.

 Examples
You are shopping for t-shirts. Which store offers the better deal?
Store A: PhP 500 for 2 shirts Store B: PhP800 for 4
shirts Store C: PhP 555 for 3 shirts

Write each ratio as a unit rate.

Store A: PhP 500/2 shirts = PhP 250

Store B: PhP 800/4 shirts = PhP 200

Store C: PhP 555/3 shirts =PhP 185

 SW
Find each unit rate.
1. 300 miles in 5 hrs

2. PhP 75 for 3 coloring books

3. 60 miles using 3 gal of gas

4.Write the rate of 25 yards to 30 seconds in
simplest form.

5.Write as a unit rate 20 patients in 5 rooms

A floral design uses two red
roses for every three yellow
roses. How many red roses will
be in a garden that contains
500 roses in total?
 PROPORTIONS
• A proportion is the equality of two
ratios or rates.

a c

b d
 Cross products are equal!
Ex: Solve the proportion

If the proportion is to be true, the cross

products must be equal  find the cross
product equation:

7 42
  7x = (12)(42)
12 x
7x = 504
x = 72
 4 n2
Ex: Solve the proportion 
3 6
If the proportion is to be true, the cross products
must be equal  find the cross product equation:

4 n2  24 = 3(n – 2)
  24 = 3n – 6
3 6
 30 = 3n
x2
 10 = n
Check: 4 10  2 4 8
  
3 6 3 6
x2
 5 7
Ex: Solve the proportion 
n 1 3
If the proportion is to be true, the cross products
must be equal  find the cross product equation:
5 7
  (5)(3) = 7(n + 1)
n 1 3  15 = 7n + 7
 8 = 7n
 8/7 = n
 15 
 5 3   7   7 
5 7 5 7
Check:  
8 3 15 3  
   1
7 7
A manufacturer knows that during
an average production run, out of
1,000 items produced by a certain
machine, 25 will be defective. If
the machine produces 2, 030 items,
how many can be expected to be
defective?
 3
If 1 kilos of pork cost PhP210,
4
1
how much will 5 kilos cost?
2
Four painters need 15 days to paint
a house. If the job is to be
completed in 5 days, how many
painters will be needed?
 Solve each Proportion
5 3

8

1 g 3 7

9 w x  10 12 5 4

In cooking pancakes, 2 eggs are

needed for every 1 cup of hotcake
mix. How many cups of hotcake
mix are needed if the bakers uses 7
eggs?
 An increase (or decrease)
Two variablesPROPORTION
varying such that as
in one amount causes anthe
A whole is divided
amount increases , the other
into more than increase (or decrease) in
decreases, astwo
orthe amount decreases,
numberPARTITIVE
that pairs with
parts
DIRECT
the other inproportionally.
PROPORTION it.
PROPORTION

INDIRECT/INVERSE
PROPORTION
EX
Two boxes of chocolates cost
Php 180. How much do 7 boxes of
chocolate cost?
EX
Forty liters of water is
transferred into 3 containers in the ratio
1:3:4. How much water is in each
container?
EX
If Trina works 20hours, she
erans PhP600. How much does she earn
if she works 30hours?
EX
To finish a certain job in 8
days, 6 workers are needed. If it is
required to finish the same job in 6 days,
how many workers have to work?