FASTENING

Fastener - is a hardware device that mechanically

joins or affixes two or more objects together.

Fastening – it is the process of applying fastener

threaded fastener - is a discrete piece of hardware that has internal
or external screw threads. They are usually used for the assembly of
multiple parts and facilitate disassembly.

1. Bolts and nuts

2. Screw
3. studs
STUD:
A metal rod or shaft with threads on both sides is called a stud. Usually
the rod is long, but depending upon the requirement the size can be
changed. Given below is an image of a stud

BOLT:
An externally threaded fastener, designed for insertion through holes in
assembled parts is called a bolt. It is usually intended to be used along a
nut.

SCREW:
An externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into the holes
inside assembled parts (now comes the difference) of mating with a pre
formed internal thread or forming it's own thread is called a screw. It has
an ability of being tightened and released by torqueing the head.
BLACK and BRIGHT BOLTS AND NUTS
The word black refers to the comparatively wider
tolerances employed and not necessarily to the colour
of the surface finish of the fastener.

HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION GRIP BOLTS

Sometimes abbreviated to HSFG bolts. Bolts which
are of high tensile strength used in conjunction with
high strength nuts and hardened steel washers in
structural steelwork. The bolts are tightened to a
specified minimum shank tension so that transverse
loads are transferred across the joint by friction
between the plates rather than by shear across the
bolt shank.
RECOMMENDED BOLT INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
Step 1
Bring the members to be joined together and align the holes with drift pins. (Bolts should not be used
as drift pins to achieve alignment.)
Step 2
Fill the remaining holes with High Strength Friction Grip bolts, nuts, washers, and DTIs of the
correct size and grade. Partially tension the bolts to snug the connection. Partial tension is
evidenced by slight, but visible, flattening of the DTI protrusions. At this point there will be as
much as 50% of the minimum specified tension in the bolt. This amount of tension should be
sufficient to produce a snug connection. If the protrusions in a DTI are compressed so that
any gap is less than final installation gap (e.g. 0.40mm) replace the DTI. Work from the most
rigid part of the connection to the free edges.
Step 3
Tension the bolts until the average gap on each DTI is as specified. Again, work from the most rigid
part of the connection toward the edges. Leave the drift pins in during this operation. Premature
removal of the drift pins may cause trapping of the bolts by joint slippage.
Step 4
Knock out the remaining drift pins, replacing them with bolts. Tighten these bolts
HSFG bolts have the following advantages when compared with normal bolts :

(i) The performance of preloaded HSFG bolts under fatigue loading is good because the
prestressed bolts are subjected to reduced stress range during each loading cycle when
compared with unloaded bolts.

(ii) For structures adjacent to machinery which generate substantial vibration, preloading bolts
can help to avoid the loosening of bolts.

(iii) HSFG bolts are used in connections where any slight slip movement would render the
integrity of the whole structures break down.

(iv) Owing to its high tensile strength, it is commonly used in connections which require the taking
up of high flexure and the tensile stress generated could be readily resisted by it high
tensile strength.
Non-positive locking device

Ring lock washers Tooth washers

Counter nut Spring lock washers

Positive locking device

Crow nut Locking plate

Safety wiring lock

Locking by retention of self-substance

Adhesive locking device

castellated nut