RESEARCH 10

SAMPLING DESIGNS
1. If the population of the study is large (100 or more), sampling is applied.
2. Defined as a technique of getting representative portion as a population.
3. Applicable if the population is large especially the 7M’s – manpower, money,
machinery, moment, marketing, materials, methods
BENEFITS OF
SAMPLING
1. economical, cheaper and faster
2. saves time, money and effort
3. more accurate
4. more effective
5. gives more comprehensive information
LIMITATIONS OF SAMPLING
1. Require more care in organizing detailed sub -classification
2. Difficult to prepare
3. Infrequently occurs in the population
4. If sampling design is not accurately designed and followed, the results may
give wrong impression
5. Requires experts to conduct the study in an area.
 PLANNING A SURVEY
1. State the objectives of the study
2. Define the population
3. Choose the sampling individual
4. Find and choose the source list of particular individuals involved in the sample
5. Decide the sampling to be used
6. Determine the sample size by using the formula:
Ss= NV + [Se²×(1-p)]
Nse + [V ² × p(1-p)]
 Ss= Sample size
N= population (it will be given)
V= 2.58 (constant)
Se= 0.01 (constant)
P= 0.50 (constant)
KINDS OF SAMPLING
DESIGN
1. Scientific Sampling
2. Non-Scientific Sampling
SCIENTIFIC SAMPLING
There are six types:
-restricted, unrestricted, stratified, systematic, cluster, multi -stage, systematic
 RESTRICTED RANDOM
SAMPLING
-involves certain restrictions intended to improve the validity of the sample.
 UNRESTRICTED
RANDOM SAMPLING
-considered as the best random sampling because it has no restrictions.
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
-this divides first the population into two or more strata .
 SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
-individuals in the population are arranged in a methodical manner.
 MULTISTAGE
SAMPLING
-done in several stages:
two-stage, three stage, four-stage, five-stage and so on
CLUSTER SAMPLING
-the population is grouped into clusters or small units.
 NON-SCIENTIFIC
SAMPLING
-not all of the individuals in a population are given equal chance of being
included as sample.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
-based on selecting the individuals as samples according to the purposes of the
researcher as his control
 INCIDENTAL
SAMPLING
”applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most available”
 QUOTA SAMPLING
-done by merely looking for individuals with the requisite characteristics.
 INSTRUMENTATION/
DATA GATHERING TOOLS AND
TECHNIQUES
 PRIMARY DATA
-primary sources
-can be gathered through observation, interview and questionnaire
SECONDARY DATA
-secondary sources
 OBSERVATION
-purposeful, systematic and selective way of watching and listening to an
interaction of phenomenon as it takes place.
-two types: participant, non-participant
 PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION
-when the researcher participates in the activities of the group being observed.
NON-PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION
-the researcher does not get involved in the activities of the group
 INTERVIEW
-refers to any person-to-person interview
-2 different categories: unstructured, structured
 UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEW
-dominantly used in qualitative research
-has complete freedom to use words, content and structure of the interview
 STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW
-the researcher asks a pre-determined set of questions as specified in the
interview schedule prepared by the researcher/interviewer.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
-written list of questions intended to provide answers to the problems of the study
ADVANTAGES OF
QUESTIONNAIRE
-less expensive
-offers great anonymity
 ADVANTAGES OF
INTERVIEW-more appropriate for complex situations
-useful for collecting in-depth information by probing
-can supplement information
-researcher can put them in a form that is understood by respondents
-has a wider application
GUIDELINES IN CONSTRUCTING
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
-clearly define and individually list all specific objectives
-list all relevant questions
-list the information required to answer it
-construct the questions that you want to use
-use simple language to be easily understood
-do not use ambiguous questions
 VALIDATION OF THE
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. Consultation with experts
2. Pre-testing
3. Item Analysis
CONSULTATION WITH
EXPERTS
-comments and suggestions from the experts are closely observed
 PRE-TESTING
-this is done to 30 individuals who are not actual respondents
ITEM ANALYSIS
-this is done after the pre-testing