BIOPHARMING

DYKE GITA WIRASISYA, S.FARM., M.SC., APT.

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
UNIVERSITAS MATARAM
What is GMO? Is it safe?

IS AM ORGANISM THAT ITS DNA HAD BEEN

ALTERED. THIS KIND OF ORGANISM ALSO
CALLED TRANSGENIC
 OVERVIEW : THE USE OF GM PLANT

 Commercial Applications
 Altered agronomic traits
 Enhanced yields
 Disease resistance
 Herbicide resistance
 Salt/drought tolerance
 Cold tolerance
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/08
/29/talking-biotech-gmo-bt-eggplant-
helps-poor-bangladesh-farmers-cut-
insecticide-use/
What are the Uses of GM Plants?
 Nutraceuticals
 Golden rice
 Vitamin A enriched
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/g
ood-as-gold-can-golden-rice-and-other-
biofortified-crops-prevent-malnutrition/
-Carotene Pathway Problem in Plants

IPP

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Phytoene synthase

Phytoene
Problem: Phytoene desaturase
Rice lacks
these enzymes ξ-carotene desaturase

Lycopene
Lycopene-beta-cyclase

 -carotene
(vitamin A precursor)
 The Golden Rice Solution
-Carotene Pathway Genes Added

IPP

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Daffodil gene Phytoene synthase

Phytoene
Vitamin A
Phytoene desaturase
Pathway Single bacterial gene;
is complete performs both functions
and functional ξ-carotene desaturase

Lycopene
Daffodil gene Lycopene-beta-cyclase

Golden  -carotene
Rice (vitamin A precursor)
 Bioreactors / Molecular farming
 Therapeutic proteins
 Human lactoferrin to treat iron deficiencies
 Antibodies

 Vaccine production
 Antigen expression
 HepC, HIV

Antibody-producing tomato plant

Nicholas Ewing
California State University,
Sacramento
 GM Plants

HOW TO GET GENE INTO CELLS??

1. GENE GUNS
2. TRANSFORMATION
Gene Guns
 General transformation protocol

Transformation
O/N A.r culture Wash
Inoculate (mins-hrs) Co-cultivate (days)
Sterile explants
(bacterial attachment) Transfer of t-DNA
with dividing cells
Recovery of transgenic plants
Transfer to Transfer to medium Transfer to medium
regeneration with bactericidal with bactericidal
medium plus antibiotics plus antibiotics (days)
selective selective antibiotics Kill off Agrobacterium
antibiotics (months)
Regeneration Kill off Agrobacterium
of transgenic and select transgenic cells
plants
Agrobacterium Mediated Gene Transfer

rose grapevine
Ti plasmid and virulence genes
 A Ti plasmid is a circular piece of DNA found in
almost all Agrobacteria
 Three main regions
T-DNA region(Between right and left T-DNA border)
Virulence region
Opine catabolism region
 Edible Vaccine

I N T H E E D I B L E VA C C I N E , T R A N S G E N I C P L A N T S
A R E U S E D A S VA C C I N E P R O D U C T I O N S Y S T E M S .
 •Oral vaccines provide “mucosal immunity” at various sites
by secreting antibodies.
Needle
• Don’t need to worry about re-use, misuse and lack of
free
sterilization. Thus, low risk of infection.

• Estimated cost of $0.005 to grow antigen for one dose

of hepatitis B vaccine in an unprocessed form.

Cheap • Administering oral vaccines would require little or no

training at all.
 • Heat-stable; do not require cold-chain maintenance.

• If the local/native crop of a particular area is

storage engineeredto produce the vaccine, then the need for
transportation and distribution can be eliminated.

• Most importantly, they trigger the immunity at

the mucosal surfaces such as mouth which is the
body’s first line of defense.
safe
• Needs no purification
TERIMAKASIH