What will you

do in each
situation?
1. You noticed that your
favorite cup is at the
edge of the table.
2. You smell smoke
coming from the kitchen
where you are cooking a
cup of rice for an hour
now.
3. You see dark clouds above,
and you are about to take a
short walk to the store to buy
something.
4. You see flies swarming
over the food on the
table.
5. You noticed that your
colds are not getting any
better after taking the
prescribed medicine for a
week.
Sound Reasoning
 We make decisions and
judgments based on sound
reasoning.
 There are two types of
sound reasoning:
1. Deductive Reasoning
2. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning

*is from a general

statement to a specific
one.
 Deductive Reasoning
Example:

Your prior knowledge tells you that

Moslems do not eat pork. Your boss is
a Moslem. You will not take him to
restaurant that serves only lechon
because you know that eating pork is
not allowed in his faith.
Deductive Reasoning
You can present the statements in
the following way:

Moslems do not eat pork.

My boss is a Moslem.
Therefore, he does not eat pork.
Inductive Reasoning

*is from a specific

statement to a
general.
 Inductive Reasoning
For instance, because you are sick with
influenza, you just stayed home and didn’t go to
school. You texted your classmate and asked
him to tell your teacher that you are sick with the
flu. Your classmate texted back and told you that
he also has the flu. You logged in to your social
media account. You saw that most people are
complaining of getting sick with the flu. From
these similar incidences, you concluded that
there’s an outbreak of the flu.
Inductive Reasoning
Your logical reasoning can be arranged
like this:

I am sick with influenza.

My classmate is also sick with influenza.
Most of my friends in social media are
complaining of getting sick with influenza.
There is an influenza outbreak.
 ACTIVITY

Based on the discussion,

give at least one example
each of deductive
reasoning and of inductive
reasoning.
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

1. Bandwagon
This is a reasoning based on
popularity rather than on scientific
evedence or facts. This gives one a
feeling of “you are the only one not
doing (or using) it, so why not join
now?”
EXAMPLE:
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

2. Hasty Generalization
This is reaching a conclusion
without enough pieces of evidence
or further studies. You should not
use an isolated experience to make
a general statement or judgment on
something or someone.
EXAMPLE:

If you see a Chinese being

disrespectful to an elder person,
you should say, “Chinese people
are disrespectful to the elderly.”
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

Red herring
This is a term that originated from
the legend that criminals in England
during the 17th century would use a
red herring (a fish) to confuse the
bloodhounds on the trail that
pursue them.
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

Red herring
The bloodhounds would then veer away
in the opposite direction which is away
from where the criminal was. A red
herring is an argument that distracts the
opponent away from the real issue and
leads them to an irrelevant issue.
EXAMPLE:
A politician was arrested and put to jail
because of graft and corruption. Instead
of focusing on the issue that he had
stolen money from the people, that he
should undergo a fair trial and suffer the
consequences thereafter, the lawyers
may try to divert the attention of the
people to another irrelevant issue such
EXAMPLE:
as the terrorist attack that happened in
the mall.
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

Attack on a person
This reasoning attacks the person
instead of the issue. This happens a
lot in politics. If you hear politicians
attacking their opponent instead of
the issue, beware!
EXAMPLE:
“He is always late for his meetings. How
do you expect him to advance the
progress of this country if he is always
running late?”
Most Common Fallacies in Reasoning

Either-or reasoning
This presents only two alternatives
and act as if there are no other
choices.
EXAMPLE:
“Eat an apple a day or you will get sick”

(It’s not apples only that will keep you from

getting sick. There are many other nutritious
fruits that are as healthy as apples. And
besides, it’s not only fruits that keep you
healthy. You should have a balanced nutrition
to stay healthy.)