Geologic Processes and

Hazard
 What is a Geologic
Process?

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Geological Processes are
dynamic processes at work in
the
when earth’s
rock landforms
is worn
splitting and joining and
away
RockMaterial
surface.
by
ofcanwater, suspended
react
landmasses.ice
with
or dissolved
orsubstances
even wind present in
The waterorforms
mechanisms
in water in the rock
involved
air like,
plate by a processes
tectonics, erosion,
chemical weathering, and
sedimentation.
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Geological Hazard is one of the several types of adverse geologic
conditions capable of causing damage or loss of property and life.

Earthquake Hazard Volcanic Hazard

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Landslide and Avalanche Fires
Floods

Soil Liquefaction Tsunami

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• The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelagic nation located in the
Southeast Asia. This country is know across the world as a hazard
prone area.
Archipelago - a
• The Philippines’ susceptibility to various types of natural hazards is
group oflocation
mainly due to its geographical islands and the physical environment.
Being situated in the “Pacific Ring of Fire”, and between two tectonic
plates called Eurasian and Pacific, whose movement result to frequent
earthquakes and volcanic activity.

• In fact, the country experience s an average of 20 earthquakes per day.

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The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where
many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a large 40,000 km
horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic
trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate movements. It has 452
volcanoes.

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 Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake also known as a quake, tremor or temblor is the
shaking of the surface of the earth, resulting from the sudden
release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that create seismic
waves.
Seismic waves are waves of
energy that travel through
-world’s largest earthquake withthe
an Earth's
instrumentally
layers, anddocumented
are a
magnitude occurred on May 22, 1960 near
result ofValdivia, in southern
earthquakes
Chile.
- it was assigned a magnitude of 9.5 by US Geological Survey.
- The USGS reports this event as the “largest earthquake of the
20th Century.”

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What are the causes of Earthquakes?

Watch this one!

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The major effect of primary Earthquake hazards
are:
Ground Shaking, Landslides, Liquefaction, and
Surface Rupture.
On the other hand, secondary earthquake
hazards are, Tsunami, Floods, and Fire which are
more catastrophic.

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Let’s first talk about the
primary Earthquake
hazards:

• Landslide
• Soil Liquefaction

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Landslide also known as a landslip, is a form of mass
wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements,
such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, an shallow debris
flows.

- Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine

landslide, coastal, and onshore environments.

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What is the difference between Landslide and Avalanche?

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 landslide is a natural disaster
that involves the breakup and
downhill flow of rock, mud, water
and anything caught in the path

avalanche is a large mass or

body of snow and ice sliding
swiftly down a mountain side, or
falling down a precipice.
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Soil Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other
rapid loading.

How does it works?

Let’s watch this!

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 Moving on to the
secondary earthquake
hazards:

Tsunami
Floods
Fire

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A tsunami or tidal wave is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions
above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Watch a Video!
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Flooding is a temporary overflow of water
onto land that is normally dry. Floods are the
most common natural disaster in the
Philippines. Floods may: Result from rain, coastal
storms, storm surges, and overflows of dams and
other water systems. Develop slowly or quickly –
Flash floods can come with no warning.

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Fires, often associated with broken electrical and gas
lines, is one of the common side effects of earthquakes. ... To
complicate things water lines are broken and so there is no
water to extinguish the fire. The San
Francisco earthquake of 1906 caused 90% of damage by fire.

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 Volcanic Hazards
Any volcanic processes that threatens life or
destroys land or infrastructure.

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What is a volcano?
A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma)
from within the Earth’s crust to the Earth's surface.
The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material.

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 Location of Volcanoes
Majority of volcanoes are formed as the result of plate boundary
movement such as the Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire
contains over ½ of the world’s volcanoes.

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Review Time!

What is the difference between Magma and Lava?

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How do volcanoes
erupt?

Watch now!

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 Major Volcanic Hazards

Pyroclastic Density Currents/ Pyroclastic Flow

High-speed, gravity-driven flows of hot particles and
gas are a common and highly destructive product of
explosive volcanism.

Pyroclastic – PYRO = Fire, Heat, High Temperature

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 Pyroclastic Surge

A pyroclastic surge is similar to a pyroclastic flow, but it is a

low-density flow of volcanic material with a higher
proportion of gas than rock. Because these surges of
material contain a lot of toxic gases, they can asphyxiate
anything in their path and their flow is more turbulent. Like
the pyroclastic flow, a pyroclastic surge moves very fast.

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 Volcanic Gasses

The volcanic gases that pose the greatest

potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture,
and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide,
and hydrogen fluoride. Locally, sulfur
dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution
downwind from a volcano.

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 Lahar
a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano.

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 Lava Flow
A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava created during a non-
explosive effusive eruption. When it has stopped
moving, lava solidifies to form igneous rock. The term lava flow is
commonly shortened to lava.

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 Tephra
rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption.

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