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2
Milestones of Satellite Communications (2)
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Milestones of Satellite Communications (3)
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Service Evolution towards
Multimedia/Personal Communications
P
E
R ANYWHERE
S Converge
O at worldwide
N level
ANYTIME
A
L
ANYTYPE ANYVOLUME
MULTIMEDIA
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Market Distribution Forecast Years 2005-2010
16%
40% 7% 6%
2%
Mobile 4%
2%
Subscribers 13%
Increments 1%
23%
2% 4% 12%
12%
Fixed 5%
6%
Subscribers 33%
Increments 3%
Source: KPMG
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Multimedia Satellite Services: Perspective View
BOEING ENTERS
TELEDESIC (4/97)
FIRST IRIDIUM
SATELLITE
LAUNCH (5/97)
WRC-97 REVISES
Ka-BAND (11/97) 1997 FIRST COMMERCIAL
SATELLITE LAUNCH
1998 WRC-95: Ka-FREQUENCIES
(?)
TO LEOs (11/95)
ITALSAT 1996 2002
LAUNCH
CELESTRI (1/91) FCC DEADLINE
MERGES INTO FOR KA BAND
TELEDESIC (5/98)
1991 FILING (9/95)
1995
1999 1992
TELEDESIC
1993 1994 FCC FILING 2001
(3/94)
SPACEWAY
ACTS FCC FILING
LAUNCH (12/93)
(9/93)
2000
ASTROLINK
FOUNDED (7/99)
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Multimedia/Personal Satellite Services
Rationale
• Global Information Infrastructure (GII) to every individual
• Broadband services
Services
• Global Internet services
• Interactive/multimedia video
• Tele-medicine
• Distance learning
• Interactive home banking/shopping
• Satellite news gathering
• Disaster management
• etc.
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Main Technologies for Multimedia Satellite Services
On board antennas
Phased and multibeam antenna
• to shape beams for specific footprint
• to focus beams (“hot spots”)
• to steer beams
HPAs and beams forming networks
Reconfigurable output power distribution
• to add flexibility in traffic management
• to improve satellite reliability
Processing satellites
On board processing and inter-satellite links
• to allow single-user routing
• to mix digital traffic typologies
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Satellite Constellation Cost Drivers
Satellite
• Antenna size
• Number of beams
• Power requirement
• Stabilization
• Lifetime
• Number of satellites
Launch
• Satellite size
• Altitude
• Orbits type
Terrestrial system
• Number of gateways
Operation costs
• PTSN and trunking
• Network coordination and management
• Network maintenance
• Billing and customer services
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Satellite Networks Basic Features
One-way Two-way
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One-way and Two-way Satellite Topologies:
Transparent vs. Regenerative Repeaters
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Orbits and Frequencies: the Capacity Issue
Low Orbits
• Geostationary-Earth-Orbit (GEO)
• Low-Earth-Orbits: an alternative for high capacity global systems
Capacity grows with d-2
LEO/GEO capacity advantage is about 362 1300
High Frequencies
• Traditional L band (frequency, f, about 1-2 GHz): low capacity
• New Ka band and beyond (20-30 GHz and higher): high capacity
Capacity grows with f3
Ka/L capacity advantage is about 203 8000
Low Orbits and High Frequencies
• Combing low orbits and high frequencies potentially provides a
huge advantage
L-band GEO / Ka-band LEO capacity advantage
is 10 million times
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Capacity Advantage as a Function of Satellite Altitude
Transmission capacity, C, can be expressed as: Cn
where means “proportional” and
• n is the number of “cells”
n A 1
n d2 C d 2
A d2 For a given antenna size:
• A is the cell area
• is the angular width of the antenna beams
• d is the satellite altitude
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Orbit Altitude Trade-offs
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Capacity Advantage as a Function of Frequency
kA 1 Cf3
A 2 kf2
f 1
For a given antenna size:
• A is the cell area
• is the angular width of the antenna beams
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The Radio Spectrum
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Spectral Allocations
Spectrum for non-GEO systems was considered in three World Radio Conferences
(WARC’92, WRC’95 and WRC’97) and by the FCC (1994 and 1997)
WARC’92:
assigned the band 1610.0-1626.5 MHz (“L band”) and the band
2483.5-2500.0 MHz (“S band”) to LEO services on a primary use
basis worldwide for up-link and down-link, respectively
FCC (1994):
divided the two band (L and S) and assigned the lower 11.35 MHz
part to CDMA systems (e.g. GLOBALSTAR) and the upper 5.15 MHz
part to TDMA systems (IRIDIUM)
WRC’95:
took the following main decision:
• the band 1980-2200 MHz was made available for ICO since the year 2000
• bandwidth was allocated for the the non-GEO MSS service in several
frequency bands (from 4 to 30 GHz) (TELEDESIC)
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FCC L/S Band Spectral Allocations to LEOs
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Spectral Allocations at Ka Band
FS-MS FS-MS
FS-MS FS-MS FSS FS-MS FS-MS FSS
FSS
FSS FSS Space FSS Non GEO-MSS MSS (Reg.2)
FSS ITU (WRC97)
FL Reserch
GEO FSS
Non GEO FSS
FS (Terr.)
FCC (1997)
MSS FL
17.7 18.8 19.3 19.7 20.2 GHz
GEO FSS
Non GEO FSS
FS (Terr.)
FCC (1997)
MSS FL
27.5 28.35 28.6 29.1 29.25 29.5 30 GHz
Legenda: FS = Fixed Services FSS = Fixed Satellite Services Primary allocation No Allocation
MS = Mobile Services FL = Feeder Link Secondary allocation
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Orbit Classifications: General
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Orbit Classifications: Circular Orbits
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Satellite Link Geometry
Main relationships:
RE
1) g M arccos cos(am ) am
RE H
DM
am
2·bM
2) bM (a m g M ) H
2
DM sin( g M ) gM
3)
RE sin(bM )
where:
• H is the satellite altitude
• 2·bM is the maximum nadir angle
• am is the minimum elevation angle
• 2 ·gM is the maximum subtended angle
• DM is the maximum satellite-to-terminal distance (edge of coverage)
• RE = 6378 km is the average Earth radius
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Subsatellite Tracks
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Orbit Constellations Features
Coverage
• Need to have a fully deployed constellation for real time services
(e.g.: voice) with full Earth coverage
• Sparse constellations suitable for non real time data services
• To reduce the constellation size coverage of polar regions (lat. >70°)
is generally avoided
• Main parameters for communications services: H, am
Altitude, H
• H takes into account the need to avoid Van Allen Belts and
atmospheric drag
Elevation angle, am
• Minimum elevation angle, am, under which the terminal “sees” the
satellite at the coverage border influences constellation size
• A small am, beneficial to reduce constellation size, is however in
conflict with a low probability of obstruction (due to orography, etc.)
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Circular Orbit
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Lower Bound on the Number of Satellites
Circular orbits
S 4RE2 S' 2RE2 (1 cos( g' ))
Earth’s area Pole’s area
am = 70°
S0 2RE am = 10°
Single satellite coverage area
where is earth's spherical segment deepness
S’ S0 Satellite
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GEOs: Visibility from Earth
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Geometrical Characteristics for GEO Links (1)
90
80
70
elevation angle
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
latitude
• Plot shows the maximum elevation • Plot shows the variation of range, R,
angle under which a terminal “sees” from GEO satellite to Earth station with
the satellite as a function of terminal latitude and relative longitude L
latitude • The maximum value of (R/R0)2 is 1.356
which means a variation of 1.3 dB in
Free Space Loss
RE
• arcsin cos(am ) am 2
2 RE H R
• 1 0.42 (1 cos( ) cos(L ))
0
R
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Geometrical Characteristics for GEO Links (2)
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A Delay-related Problem in GEO Links: Echo
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Echo Countermeasures
Echo Suppressor
Based on the “imprecise” assumption
that when “talker A” is talking, “talker B”
is listening, and vice versa.
Not suitable for data transmission
(i.e. computers).
Echo Canceler
Based on estimation of the echo and its
cancellation with an out-of-phase replica.
Suitable both for voice and for data.
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