Cement Concrete Pavements

Er. Rajendra Raj Sharma

Senior Divisional Engineer
Department of Roads
Introduction
 Pavement is the most important part of
a road system
 About 50-80% of the roads cost is that
of pavement
 So it must be durable and strong
enough for carrying the traffic
 Selection of material and quality control
during construction is very important
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Function of Pavements
 Support and distribute the imposed
loads over a large area
 Provide smoothness and good wearing
surface against actions of weather and
traffic
 Provide drainage

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Types of pavements

1.Flexible pavement
2.Rigid pavement
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Types of pavements
 Flexible pavements work by distributing the
loads to a wider area due to various layers of
its components (base,subbase etc.).
Example:Bituminous surfaces with base and
subbases
‘flexes’ or ‘bends’ due to loadings so the name.

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Types of pavements
 Rigid pavements work by distributing the
loads due to slab action
Example:Cement concrete pavements
Bridges the gap below as a rigid slab.

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 Types of pavements

Flexible pavement Rigid pavement

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Concept of perpetual pavement
 Able to withstand an almost infinite
number of axle loads without structural
deterioration due to either fatigue cracking
or rutting of the subgrade.
 Pavement deteriorates from top to down
 Only surfacing to be renewed
 Pavement above certain thickness exhibit
the above property
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Concept of perpetual pavement
(example)

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 Components of a Pavement
Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements

Surface course
Subbase course
Base course
Subgrade
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Cement Concrete Pavements
 Cement concrete pavement consists of
properly designed cement concrete slab
(plain or reinforced) laid directly over
foundation (subgrade, subbase or base or
all)

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Cement Concrete Pavements
 CC pavements derive their capacity to
withstand loads from its flexural strength
permitting to bridge over minor
irregularities in the underlying layers.

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 Advantages
 Long Life(30-40Yrs)compared to that of FP of 10-
20 years
 Practically maintenance free
 Good riding quality throughout the design life
 Free of pot holes
 Reduced travel time and vehicle damage
 No effect of oil spillage
 Surface impervious to water and “water friendly”
10/7/2019 CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (contd…) 13
 Advantages(contd…)
 Better skid resistance
 Withstands extreme weather
 Better performance in poor subgrade
 Fuel saving upto 14%
 Better reflectivity
 Deterministic design
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Advantages(contd…)
 Pollution free /environment friendly
construction
 Availability of raw materials, no
need of costly imported bitumen
 Better night visibility

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 Disadvantages
 Glare at daylight
 Difficulty in utility location
 High initial cost
 Noise
 Difficulty in maintenance
 Long time required for opening to traffic

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 Cement Concrete Pavement
Types
 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP)
 no reinforcement provided except at the joints

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 Cement Concrete Pavement
Types
 Continuously Reinforced Concrete
Pavements (CRCP)
 surface reinforcement provided, but no joints
provided

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 Cement Concrete Pavement
Types
 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP)
 Both reinforcement and joints provided

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Structural elements of Rigid
pavements

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Joints in Conc. Pavements
 Joints are purposefully placed discontinuities
in a rigid pavement surface course
 Joints necessary for compensating expansion
and contraction of the slab
 Types of joints
 Expansion joints
 Contraction joints
 Construction joints
 Longitudinal
 Transverse

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Expansion joints
 Expansion joints contract when slab
expands
 Expansion joints may not be necessary,
so they are rarely provided now-a-days
 If provided, they are similar to
construction joints

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Expansion joints

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Contraction joints
 Contraction joints expand when slab
contracts
 Contraction joints necessary to withstand
tensile stresses

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Contraction joints

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 Construction joints
 Construction joints are provided for
breaking construction for next shift/day
Longitudinal joints
Transverse joints

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Joints Example

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Design
Design Parameters
 Subgrade

 Traffic loading

 Environment

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Design Contd…
 Subgrade strength Parameters
 CBR
 Elasticity Modulus,E(MPa)

 Modulus of subgrade reaction,K(MPa/m)

Approx. Relationships
E=2555*CBR^0.64 MPa
E=K*B(1-m^2), B-Diameter of loaded area
 Grade of concrete(strength of concrete)

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Design methods

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Design methodology
Inputs
 Wheel load
 Subgrade(modulus of subgrade reaction)
 Wheel load repetition number
 Concrete grade
 Temperature difference
Outputs
 Slab thickness
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Design methodology
 Panel size
 Location of joints
 Joint sizes
 Joint details

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Design methodology
Procedure
 Preliminary thickness of slab found

 Stress due to wheel loads found,

considering various positions of
loads

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Design methodology
a. Using formulas (eg
Westergaard’s)
b. Finite Element Method
c. Finite Difference Method
d. etc

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Design methodology
Westergaard’s radius of relative stiffness
3
Eh
l4

12 1   k
2

Where,
l- radius of relative stiffness,m
E-Modulus of elasticity of concrete,MPa
h-Slab thickness,m
μ-Poisson’s ratio
k-modulus of subgrade
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reaction,MPa/m
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Wheel at center

i 
0.316 P
2
4 log 10 b   1.069
 l
h

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Wheel at corner

c 
0.572 P
2
4 log 10 b   0.359
 l
h
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Wheel at edge

3P

 c  2 1
h
 
a 2
l
0.6

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 Traffic loading

P=wheel load
a-equavalent radius of circle of wheel load

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Westergaard’s equations

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 Design methodology
C. Curling stresses

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 Design methodology
C.Curling stress due to temperature difference found
as follows Δt-approx. 0.55 to
0.77 C per cm
Et  Cx  C y 
 t (i ) 
2  1   2 
Stress at interior due to temperature variation

 Cx Et C y Et 
 t (e)  max  ,  Stress at edge due to temperature variation
 2 2 
Et a
 t (c)  Stress at corner due to temperature variation
3(1   ) l
a-1*10-7per deg C for concrete
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Design methodology
Bradbury’s coefficients L/l
(l-radius of relative stiffness)
C
for curling stress 1 0
2 0.04
3 0.175
4 0.44
5 0.72
6 0.92
7 1.03
8 1.077
9 1.08
10 1.075
11 1.05
12 1
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 Design methodology
D. Shrinkage/expansion stress found

Sd  Lf / 2
Where,
  unit weigh t of concrete
L - Length of the slab
f - coeff of restraint between slab and subgrade(u sually tak en as 1.5)

E. Value of stress is compared with the strength

of concrete, if found unsatisfactory the
procedure is repeated with new value of slab
thickness
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 Design methodology
F.Thickness adjusted according to traffic
volume at the end of design period
Traffic at the
end of the
45- 150- 450- 1500-
design life in 0-15 15-45 >4500
150 450 1500 4500
commercial
vehicles/day
h,cm -5 -5 -2 -2 0 0 2
G.Design of joints and dowel bars done.

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 Design of dowel bars
Transfer capacity of single dowel bar in shear, bending and bearing is given as
follows

Where,
P-Transfer capacity
d-diametre of the bar in cm
F-permissible stresses
d-joint width
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 Design of tie bars
Area of steel per meter in is given
by:
Where,
b-width of the panel
h-thickness of the pavement
W-unit weight of the concrete
f-coefficient of friction,1.5
Ss-allowable tensile stress in steel
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Length of tie bars is twice the
length needed to develop bond
strength
Where,
Lt-length of tie bar
Ss-allowable tensile stress in steel
Sb-allowable bond stress in steel
47
Design Example
 designexampleofrigidpavement.xlsm

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Materials(For PQC M50)
 Cement Grade 43 -360kg/cum
 River Sand -558 kg
 Crushed Sand -239 kg
 10mm crushed aggregates -800kg
 20mm crushed aggregates -533kg
 Water -130kg
 Admixtures(Fosroc-RMCP 333) -2.52lit

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Machine and Equipments
 Slip Form Pavers
 Texturing and Curing Machine
 Stone Crusher(cap.200ton/hr)
 Concrete Batching
Plant(cap.160cum/hr)

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Construction Sequence
 Embankment Construction
 Granular Subbase Construction
 Dry Lean Concrete(DLC) Laying and
Rolling
 Pavement Quality Concrete(PQC) Laying
 Texturing
 Curing
 Opening to Traffic
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Modern Trends
 Widened slab, tied shoulder
 High performance/high quality concrete
 High design life >50 years,~90
years(?),perpetual?
 Modern methods of analysis

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Defects Faulting

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Defects
Pumping,Shrinkage,Spalling

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Photo 4 : Defects (Pop up)

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Defects, Rebar failure

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Photo 2 : Paving Machine

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Photo 1 : PVC Sheet over DLC

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Photo 2 : Dowel Bars in
Construction Joints

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Typical Design(at Lother)

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Lother Pavement

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Lother Pavement

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Full depth patching example

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 THANK YOU

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