ALPHA BREATHING

EVOCATION
 QUESTIONS

• Why we need protection?

• What do you mean by zones of
protection?
• List out the different types of protection
needed in power system
• What is bus bar?
Annexure – I Notes of Lesson

Zones of protection
 Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)

Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone

Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone

~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor

6
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
 Zone Overlap
1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source for protective
relays.
2. In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker itself, which
means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers (local or remote) are
opened.

Relay Zone A
Relay Zone A

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

CTs are located at both CTs are located at one

sides of CB-fault between CTs is side of CB-fault between CTs is
sensed by both relays, remote right side
cleared from both remote sides
operate only.
 Explanation
• Power system –generators, transformer
bus bars, transmission &distribution lines
• Protective zone-separate zone which is
established around each system element
• Generator protection
transformer protection
transmission line protection
bus bar protection
• Divided into no. of zones of protection
• Zone covers-one or two elements
• No part of the system is unprotected
• Overlap must be done
• Overlap-safety of every element in system
• Unprotected zone-dead spot
• If no over laps, dead spot may exist
• Cause damage to the healthy system
• Failures in overlapped system –small
• Tripping of circuit breaker-not frequent
Step and Touch Potentials
Step Potential
 Step Potential

• Step potential is the step voltage between the feet of a person

standing near an energized grounded object.
• It is equal to the difference in voltage, given by the voltage
distribution curve, between two points at different distances from the
electrode.
• A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing
near the grounding point.
• When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current
will enter the earth.
• Based on the distribution of varying resistivity in the soil
(typically, a horizontally layered soil is assumed) a
corresponding voltage distribution will occur.
• The voltage drop in the soil surrounding the grounding
system can present hazards for personnel standing in
the vicinity of the grounding system.
• Personnel “stepping” in the direction of the voltage
gradient could be subjected to hazardous voltages.
Touch Potential
• It involves a fault current flow in the earth
establishing a potential difference between
the earth contact point and some nearby
conductive structure or hardware
• When a fault occurs at a tower or substation, the current will pass
through any metallic object and enter the earth. Those personnel
“touching” an object in the vicinity of the GPR will be subjected to
these touch voltages which may be hazardous.
• For example if a person happens to be touching a high-voltage
tower leg when a fault occurs, the electricity would travel down the
tower leg into the person’s hand and through vital organs of the
body. It would then continue on its path and exit out through the feet
and into the earth
 puzzle
• A man is stranded on an island covered in forest.

One day, when the wind is blowing from the west, lightning strikes the west
end of the island and sets fire to the forest. The fire is very violent, burning
everything in its path, and without intervention the fire will burn the whole
island, killing the man in the process.

There are cliffs around the island, so he cannot jump off.

How can the man survive the fire? (There are no buckets or any other
means to put out the fire)
• The man picks up a piece of wood and lights it from the
fire on the west end of the island.

He then quickly carries it near the east end of he island

and starts a new fire. The wind will cause that fire to burn
out the eastern end and he can then shelter in the burnt
area.

The man survives the fire, but dies of starvation, with all
the food in the forest burnt.
 SURVEY
• Define protected zone.
• What is primary protection?
• What is back up protection?

READING
protection and switchgear Power systems”
by sunil s.Roa page number 381, 487
DISCUSSION
 Mind Map
GENERATOR ZONES OF
PROTECTION STEP
POTENTIAL

• TRANSFORMER.

step voltage between the feet of a

TOUCH person standing near an energized
POTENTIAL grounded object

TRANSMISSION
LINE

potential difference between the

earth contact point and some nearby
conductive structure
 SUMMARY
Step Potential
Step potential is the step voltage between the
feet of a person standing near an energized
grounded object.
TOUCH Potential
A potential difference between the earth contact
point and some nearby conductive structure