SEMINAR TOPIC ON

GEOSYNCLINE ,
OROGENIC BELT AND
EVOLUTION OF FOLDED
MOUNTAIN
BY – LOKENDRA SINGH
THAKUR
 Content

• GEOSYNCLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT
• CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCLINE
• GEOSYNCLINE STRUCTURE
• GEOSYNCLINE SEDIMENT
• GEOSYNCLINE EVOLUTION
• WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF GEOSYNCLINE
• SIGNINFICANCE OF GEOSYNCLINE
• OROGENIC BELT
• INRODUCTION
• ANATOMY OF OROGENIC BELT
• WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF OROGENIC BELT
• EVOLUTION OF FOLDED MOUNTAIN
• INTRODUCTION
• PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING SUBDUCTION ZONE
• WORLD DISRIBUTION OF OROGENIES
• CONCLUSION
 GEOSYNCLINE
• Geosyncline are elongated large
troughs filled with chromos
thickness of sedimentary rock of
shallow water origin that lie a long
continental margin .the sediment
may accumulated in a trough or
trench or it may be accumulated
on the continental shelf and slop
and at the foot of the continental
slop sediment of a geosyncline
may thus be deposited in shallow
or deep seas or on continent. The
geosyncline concept was first
developed by the American
geologist James Hall and James
Dwigth Dana in the mid 1800’s
during the classic studies of the
Appalachian mountain .
 Classification of geosyncline
• KAY’S CLASSIFIED GEOSYNCLINE IN TO:-
1:-Orthogeosyncline:-he followed other in describing orthogeosyncline.
he placed miogeosyncline the non-volcanic part on the continental
side of volcanic eugeosyncline.
2:-parageosyncline:-
a- exogeosyncline –(transverse basin)exogeosyncline likely on
continental margin receiving sediment from uprising mountain from
orthogeosyncline. they are also know as delta geosyncline or fore
deep. Ex. Delta belt geosyncline (siwalikes)
b-autogeosyncline-(isolated basin)these are elliptical basin with in the
continent containing carbonate deposits .they are independent or
orthogeosyncline .ex michigan basin papagani basin kaladgi basin .
c- zeogeosyncline-(yoked basin)these are similar to autogeosyncline
but received sediment derived from the mountain chain of interior of
the continent .ex nallamalai and srisailam sub basin .
Miogeosyncline and eugeosyncline
 2:- Late stage geosyncline:- three
type
a- epieugeosyncline-a geosyncline with a deep sliding
trough with limited volcanism overlaying deformed and
intruded eugeosyncline is know epieugeosyncline it is
associated with narrow up they are composed of
sediment of mountain eugeosyncline.
b- taphrogeosyncline-a taprogeosyncline is sediment ,filled
trough a basin produced as a result of rift or faulting
.they characterize intracontinental rift zone .ex. godavari
grabin ,paland basin .
c-paraliageosyncline- paraliageosyncline is located along
the continental margin merges with coastal plane. Ex. rift
of Mexico.
 GEOSYNCLINE STRUCTRE
• Geosynclines are found in para along the continental margin one is along
the self region and the other is along the slop .the shallow geosyncline
occupying the shelf are know as miogeosyncline eugeosyncline are the
geosyncline occupying the continental slop and rise region .these two
geosyncline are separated by which are raised area of sediment .the
seaward boundary of eugeosyncline is know as the bornderland where
from the sediment of geosyncline are derived. stable platform of continent
adjacent of miogeosyncline is know as the foreland
 GEOSYNCLINE SEDIMENT
Flysch Molasse

Sediment of Geosyncline broadly classified into:-

1.Pre-orogenic :- deposits are of varied nature granite and metamorphic from the basement the
occurrence of ferruginous clastic.
2.pre-flysh:-deposited of turbidity current and mass movement such as chert ,dark limestone black
shale along with opholities and ooze deposits occur beneath the flysch deposit .
3.flysch:-flysch deposits are the characteristic if eugeosyncline the genrally flysch cover a group of
sediment like sand conglomerate and shale which are especially in a deep water environment by
turbidity current and movement (submarine slumps and slide)owing to their origin to current they
are also know as turbidities.
4.molasse:-the deposition of flysch is followed by mollasse compress of sediment and conglomerate
deposits during or after the collision of plate .
 GEOSYNCLINE EVOLUTION
• WILSON CYCLE:-
wilson cycle involved
the following four
stage .
a:-intercontinental rifting
and sea floor
spreading
b: -subduction
c:-remnant basin type
d:-collision
 GEOSYNCLINE SUBSIDENCE
MECHANISM
• PLATE TECTONICS BEAUTIFULLY ACCOUNT
FOR THE SUBSIDENCE OF GEOSYNCLINE.
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF
GEOSYNCLINE
SIGNIFICNCE OF GEOSYNCLINE

• Geosyncline are most important because

geosyncline sediment accumulating in the
miogeosyncline for nearly 200m.y. the
presence of oil and salt dome acting as oil
traps has made the miogeosyncline area
of great economic importance.and many
economic mineral may be deposited in
geosyncline sediment.
 OROGENIC BELT
• Orogeny usually produce long linear structure know as
orogenic belt. generally orogenic belt consist of long
parallel of rock exhibition similar characteristics along the
length of the belt .orogenic belt are associated with
subduction zone which consume crust . Produced
volcano and build island arcs . In other word belt of the
earths crust where the tectonic structure fold fault over
fold and thrusts indicate the existence of fold mountain in
past geological age , whether of not they are now
morphologically mountain plateaus or plain are called
orogenic belt.
 ANATOMY OF AN OROGENIC
Decollement
BELT

• Showing here is a simple continent oceanic orogenic belt.

• STRUCTURAL ZONE
a:-the accretionary prism(addition or accumulation) sediment eroded from the
orogenic belt accumulation in the trench and is intensely deformed
b:-the igneous arc. when the descending plate
c:-the foreland. Compression due to made decollement
d:-the craton .this is stable interior of the continent
 LITHOLOGIC ZONES
• The eugeosyncline:- igenous arc consist .turbidity flow .flysch
volcanic rock
• The Miogeosyncline:- great thickness sandstone and conglomerate
.molasses deposited.
• The Plateform:-the stable interior of the continent .
• The shield:-area where ancient crystalline rock are exposed over
wide area.
 METAMORPHIC ZONE
• One of the best indicator
of former subduction is
the presence of paired
metamorphic belt
• Greenschist- amphibolite
metamorphism:-(LP. HT)
• Blueschist metamorphism
(H P, LT)
• Eclogite metamorphism
pyroxene , olivine
,plagioclase recrystalize
to a denser from to
produce sodium bearing
pyroxene and garnet.
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF
OROGENIC BELT
 EVOLUTION OF FOLDED
MOUNTAIN
• INRODUCTION :-
orogeny is the geologists
term for mountain
building term consied by
American geologist G.K.
Gilbert in 1890to describe
the process of mountain
building . Fold mountain
are formed mainly by the
effected of folding on
layers with in upper part
of the earth crust.
 FORMATION
• Fold mountain are
generally formed in the
less deformed areas
adjacent to areas strongly
affected by thrust
tectonics typically they
are found in foreland
region . They are formed
fold mountain are also
formed as 2 plate pushed
against each other .
 PROCESS OF MOUNTAIN
BUILDING (OROGENIES)AND
FOLD MOUNTAIN
• What is orogeny
orogeny is the variety of process that occur during
mountain building including one of the most interesting
they about mountain building is that of all planet in the
solar system . Fold mountain are not formed on other
planet . Only earth has this destructive feature .
mountain belt are formed where two plate
converge and the ensues collision given rise to mountain
formation often act in combination with volcanism .the
most important factor in the process of mountain
building are sedimentation ,deformation, metamorphism
,igneous and isostaus adjustment .
 1.ROCK SEQUENCE
• The fold mountain are so called
because they consist of folded
sedimentary rock. These
sedimentary rock have been laid
down at the margin of the
continent in a long narrow shallow
basin called geosyncline .these
sequence of thick sediment have
now been called geosyncline
structure is not two sided through
but is open toward the ocean two
distinctly different type of rock
sequence are recognized .
a:-miogeosyncline
b:-eugeosyncline
c:-opiolite
d:-melange.
2:-structural deformation
folding and thrust faulting
nappe structure found
3:-metamorphism
greenschist and amphibolite metamorphism in the of the range blueschist
metamorphism along in outer edge.
4:-intrusion
granite batholitic are usually associated with orogeny
5:-volcanic activity
along the crest of the mountain range there is typically chain of andesite
volcanoes.
6:-ocanic trench
along the outer edge of most currently active mountain belt is a narrow
deep oceanic trench .
7:- seismic activity
8:-erosion and isostatic adjustment
 WHY MOUNTAIN FORM
• Mountain from at subduction zone
show side in a true scale cross section
of the Andes are subduction zone in
northern .the vertical change of 15k.m.
in only a few hundred k.m distance is
the largest elevation charge on earth
in such a short distance plate consist
not only of the crust ,but about 50k.m
of the underlaying mantle as well .
Collectively the crust and associated
mantle are termed the lithosphere
oceanic crust is typically 5 k.m thick
.the continental crust thickness from it
normal 40k.m to 70beneath the Andes
.when the descending slab reaches a
depth about 100k.m. it begin to melt
causing directly or indirectly may of the
event associated with mountain
building.
 WHY MOUNTAIN ARE HIGH
• Mountain are high began orogeny
shortness and thickness the crust and
isostasy cause the thicken crust to rise
some of the process shown .
a:-even uniform material when
compressed from one direction of least
resistance.
b:-layered rock shorten by folding but the
stack of layer also become thicker.
C:-thrust fault thickness the crust by
stacking slices of crust a top one
another .
d:-intrusion add volume to the crust
e:-a great deal of magma never invades
the crust but accumulates it base a
process called under plating ,
f:-where the crust is heated , thermal
expansion cause the rock to become
lighter and more buoyant.
 PLATE TECTONICS AND
MOUNTAIN BUILDING
,SUBDUCTION ZONE
• Thus mountain building is the result of plate
convergence and it involving sedimentation
deformation metamorphism igenous activity ,
erosion and isostaic balance . However the
character tics of mountain belt and the
sequence of event every depending on the type
of interaction at plate margin and the type of
rock sequence involved in the deformation
• There are four type of convergence .
 OCEANIC –OCEANIC
COLLIOSION OR THE ISLAND
ARC SITUATION
• Both plate are oceanic
crust .
• Because both plate are
basaltic .most volcanism
is basaltic .
• Initially result in an island
chainbut long continued
subduction and
accumulation of volcanic
rock
• Ex . Japan is the largest
island formed in this way
and is mountain country .
 CONTINENT-OCEAN COLLISON
OR THE CORDILLERIAN
SITUATION
• Descending plate is oceanic
crust , overriding plate is a
continent .
• The most typical orogenic belt.
• Ex. There are may good
example of mountain belt
formed in this way.Rocky
mountain of western north
America were deformed in late
mesozoic and early tertiary .
• Andes of western south
America were deformed
during late palaeozoic .
 CONTINENT- CONTINENT
COLLISION OR THE HIMALAYAN
SITUATION
• Some time continent oceanic
subduction will bring a
continent into contact with
another continent result is an
orogenic belt in the middle of
continent .
Ex. The Himalaya ,the alps ,the
Urals and the atlas mountain
were formed 100m.y.ago when
the decant shield giving rise to
the Himalaya and the
extensive high land of the
Tibetan plateau.
CONTINENT-ARC COLLISION OR
NEW GUINEA (IRAN)SITUATION
• Often continent –oceanic subduction will
bring a continent into contact with an
island arc or shall continental fragment .
• This happens to most orogenic belt
eventually .
• Result in many fault bounded resions
sharply different from adjacent rock.
• Ex. Easter “Tail” of new guinea.
OROGENY
 North America Orogenies
• Wopmay orogeny
along western edge of Canadian shield
caledonin orogeny
Appalachian orogeny
• European orogenies
the caledonin orogeny
the varscan orogeny (also called
Hereycanian orogeny)
the alpine orogeny
• Asian orogenies
the Aravalli –Delhi orogeny (precambrian)
alpine orogeny encompassing
the Himalayan orogeny forming the Himalaya mountain as the result of
the ongoing collision of the indian plate with the eurasian plate .
• South America orogeny
pampean orogeny
famatinian orogeny
godwanide orogeny
andean orogeny
andes mountain
• African orogenies
pan African orogeny
damaran orogeny
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