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LIBERALISM

Origins and development


of liberalism

Liberalism:

• was a product of the breakdown of feudalism in Europe (19th


c.) and influenced by the Enlightenment.
• reflected the aspirations of the rising middle classes more
than absolutism.
• was revolutionary and radical.
• spread in the nineteenth century and had predominance in
the West
Principles of liberalism

Liberalism holds a central belief in personal autonomy and the


prevalence of human reason. It principally values:

• freedom
• reason
• justice
• toleration
Classical liberalism

• Often called ‘nineteenth-century liberalism’, its principles still


appear in liberal ideologies from the twentieth and twenty-
first centuries.
• The belief in egoistical individualism, negative freedom, that
the state is a ‘necessary evil’ and that civil society is ultimately
a good thing.
Principles of classical liberalism

• natural rights
• utilitarianism
• economic liberalism
• social Darwinism
• neoliberalism
Modern liberalism

• Sometimes described as ‘twentieth-century’ liberalism, and


linked to the secondary effects of industrialization.
• Inequality in industrialized societies led modern liberals to re-
evaluate the role of the state in rectifying the injustices and
inequalities of civil society.
Principles of modern liberalism

• Individuality
• Positive freedom
• Social liberalism
• Economic management
Liberalism in a global age

• Global liberalism as neoliberalism


• Global liberalism as global democracy
• Global liberalism and cosmopolitanism
• The threat to global liberalism…

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