Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ch. 2
• *Note: who cares? As a small individual investor, you may not have
many choices. However, in the future, you may be a fund manager or
be investing for your firm, your choices do matter. Many investors
ignore the risk when they invest.
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2.1 Asset Classes
Common Stock
Asset
Classes
Fixed Income
Securities
Derivative Securities
• Money Market (more
(options to be details)
covered) • Bond Market
• Preferred Stock
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2.1 The Money Market: Instruments
• Source: https://www.investing.com/rates-
bonds/turkey-government-bonds
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2.1 The Money Market: Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
Certificates of Deposit
Issuer: Depository Institutions
Denomination: Any, $100,000 or more
Maturity: Varies, Typically 14-day Minimum
Liquidity: High for CDs <3 months,
Default Risk: First $250,000 Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insured
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T-bills vs CDs
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Figure 2.2 Spreads on CDs and Treasury Bills
5.0
OPEC I
4.0
Financial crisis
3.5
OPEC II
Percentage points
3.0
Penn Square
2.5
Market crash
2.0
1.5
LTCM
1.0
0.5
0.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
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2.1 The Money Market: Commercial Paper
CP
Issuer: Large creditworthy corps.; financial institutions
Denomination: Minimum $100,000
Maturity: Maximum 270 days, usually 1-2 months
Liquidity: CP < 3 months, liquid
Default Risk: Unsecured, rated, mostly high quality
Interest Type: Discount
e.g. A firm offers investors $1.008 million in face
value in exchange for $1 million in cash
GE relies on commercial paper to help fund its daily operations, and it used
to be one of the biggest issuers of the debt……
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-03/ge-downgrade-will-
lift-its-costs-in-a-debt-market-it-once-ruled
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2.1 The Money Market
• Bankers’ Acceptances
• Maturity between 30 to 180 days
• Purchaser authorizes a bank to pay a seller for goods
at later date (time draft)
• When purchaser’s bank “accepts” draft, it becomes
contingent liability of the bank
• banker’s acceptances function based on the
creditworthiness of the banking institution
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2.1 The Money Market
• Bankers’ Acceptances
• e.g. US firm buys toys from a HK firm
• How to make sure the HK firm will get payment from
the US once toys are shipped to USA?
• Flipped classroom video (1 min. 32 sec):
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bankersacce
ptance.asp
• Eurodollars
• Dollar-denominated time deposits held outside U.S.
• Pay higher interest rate than U.S. deposits
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2.1 The Money Market: Repurchase Agreements
• Repurchase Agreements (RPs or repos)
• Short-term sales of securities with promise to
repurchase at higher price
• So a (short-term) borrowing
• RP is a collateralized loan
• Many RPs are overnight; some may have a 1-month
maturity
• Reverse RPs(the party on the other side of RPs)
• Lending money; obtaining security title as collateral
Video:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/repurchaseagreement.asp
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2.1 The Money Market: Instrument Yields
• Yields on money market instruments not always
directly comparable
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Figure 2.1 Treasury Bills (T-Bills)
0.01967%x365/177 =0.041%
Treasury Bills
DAYS TO ASKED
MATURITY MATURITY BID ASKED CHG YIELD
So ask yield of 0.04% means dealer willing to sell the bills at a discount
from face value of 0.04% x (177/360) =0.01967%
i.e. $10,000 x (1-0.01967%) =$9,998.033
Source: The Wall Street Journal Online, September 14, 2014. Please try
figure 2.1 in the text using 2017 figures with asked yield 0.911
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2.1 The Money Market
• Bank Discount Rate (T-bill quotes)
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2.1 The Money Market: Bond Equivalent Yield
10,000 − P 365
r = ×
BEY P n
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2.1 The Money Market: Effective Annual Yield
• Effective Annual Yield (more accurate)
365 Compare:
$10,000 P n
rEAY = 1 1 rBD = 5%
P rBEY = 5.13%
P = price of the T-bill rEAY = 5.23%
n = number of days to maturity
Note: the key point here is to understand the yield the instrument is referring to
instead of simply investing the one with highest yield,
For exam. purpose, all you need to know is included in this powerpoint
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2.2 The Bond Market
• You should have the basics from FM course.
• We will come back in more details in later chapters
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2.2 The Bond Market: Private Issue
• Before we leave the bond topic, you should know that bonds are
not always safe investments, e.g. corporate bond and the more
recent MBS
• Corporate Bonds
• Investment grade vs. speculative grade
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
• Uses of indexes
• Track average returns
• Compare performance of managers
• Base of derivatives (e.g. Hang Seng Index
futures and options)
• Factors to be considered in
constructing/using index
• Representative?
• Broad/narrow?
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
• Construction of Indexes
• How are stocks weighted?
• Price weighted (DJIA)
• https://us.spindices.com/indices/equity/dow-jones-industrial-
average
• https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-
theory/10/introduction-to-the-dow.asp
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
• Constructing Market Indexes
• Weighting schemes
• Price-weighted average: Computed by adding
prices of stocks and dividing by “divisor”
• Market value-weighted index: Return equals
weighted average of returns of each
component security, with weights proportional
to outstanding market value
• Equally weighted index: Computed from
simple average of returns
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
Stock PriceB QuantityB P1 Q1
Price-Weighted A $10 40 $15 40
Series B 50 80 25 160
C 140 50 150 50
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
Stock PriceB QuantityB P1 Q1
A $10 40 $15 40
B 50 80 25 160
C 140 50 150 50
• Value-Weighted Series
(15 40) (25 160) (150 50)
IndexV = 100 106.14
(10 40) (50 80) (140 50)
A split you get 12
• Equal-Weighted Series shares (originally 6
shares)
• invest $300 in each
(15 30) (25 12) (150 2.143)
IndexE = 100 119.05
(10 30) (50 6) (140 2.143)
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
Case 1 Case 2
Stock PB QB P1 Q1 P1 Q1 Case 1 VW = 100.43
A $10 40 $12 40 $10 40 Case 1 EW = 106.67
B 100 80 100 80 100 80
C 50 200 50 200 60 200
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2.4 Stock and Bond Market Indexes
• Examples of Indexes
• Dow Jones Industrial Average (30 stocks)
• Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite
• NASDAQ Composite (>3,000 firms)
• Wilshire 5000 (>6,000 stocks)
• Hang Seng Index (www.hsi.com.hk)
• Hang Seng China Enterprises Index
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2.5 Derivative Markets
• Derivative Asset
• Security with payoff that depends on the price
of other securities
• Call Option
• Right to buy an asset at a specified price on or
before a specified expiration date
• Put Option
• Right to sell an asset at a specified exercise
price on or before a specified expiration date
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Figure 2.10 Stock Options on Apple
Let’s try a more volatile stock option: Tesla, put option using
August 22, 2017 data OR you want to try Apple first?
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2.5 Derivative Markets
• Using the Stock Options on Apple (Put)
• The right to buy 100 shares of stock at a stock
price of $95 using the October contract would
cost $33 (ignoring commissions)
• Is this contract “in the money”?
• Why do the two option prices differ?
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2.5 Derivative Markets
• Using the Stock Options on Apple
• Look at Figure 2.10 to answer the following
questions
• How does the exercise or strike price affect
the value of a call option? A put option? Why?
• How does a greater time to contract expiration
affect the value of a call option? A put option?
Why?
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Option:In case you miss our class
• https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stock
option.asp
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2.5 Derivative Markets
• Futures Contracts
• Your self learning. You are welcome to come to
me for discussion.
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