CONDUCTING HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
CHAPTER V
CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learner demonstrates understanding
of key concepts of tests of hypotheses on
the population mean and population
proportion.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learner is able to perform appropriate
tests of hypotheses involving the population
mean and population proportion to make
inferences in real-life problems in different
disciplines.
UNDERSTANDING HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Lesson 7
Learning Competencies:

Illustrates:
a)null hypothesis
b)alternative hypothesis
c)level of significance
d)rejection region; and
e)types of errors in hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess or

proposition that attempts to explain a set
of facts or natural phenomenon. It is used
mostly in the field of science, where the
scientific method is used to test it.
Hypothesis Testing

We make decisions every day

In decision making we follow certain

processes (weigh alternatives, collect
evidence, and make decision)
 Hypothesis Testing

Another area of Inferential Statistics is a decision-making

process for evaluating claims about a population based on
the characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from
that population. The decision is whether the characteristic is
acceptable or not.

Hypothesizing about the population parameter and

subjecting this hypothesis to a test. How? We get a
sample from the population and use this sample data to
make a decision as to whether the hypothesis is
acceptable or not.
Types of Hypothesis
 NULL HYPOTHESIS 𝐻0
- is a statement that there is NO difference between
a parameter and a specific value, or that there is NO
difference between two parameters.

 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 𝐻1
- is a statement that there is difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or that there is a
difference between two parameters.
Situational Analysis
Situation: According to DepEd 90% of Grade 11
students will continue to Grade 12.

Result 1: 225 out of 250 Grade 11 students said

YES they will continue to Grade 12.

Result 2: 80 out of 95 Grade 11 students said YES

they will continue to Grade 12.
 If there is NO DIFFERENCE between the two values, the
relationship is written in symbols as:
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0

So, the null hypothesis would be written in symbols as:

𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
𝑯𝟎 : 𝑝1 = 𝑝2
and the alternative hypothesis would be written in
symbols as:

𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝑯𝟏 : 𝑝1 ≠ 𝑝2
NULL HYPOTHESIS
 It is the starting point of the investigation. Thus, it
is the first statement to be made.
 Toward the end of the hypothesis exercise,
based on the evaluation of the data at hand, a
decision is made about the null hypothesis.

“should 𝑯𝟎 be rejected or not rejected

(accepted)?”

 If 𝑯𝟎 is accepted there is no need to consider

𝑯𝟏 .
 If 𝑯𝟎 is rejected there is a stand by hypothesis to
be accepted. This is the role of alternative
hypothesis.
Formulating Hypothesis

Formulate a null and its alternative hypothesis for

each of the following and write them in symbols.
1. The average TV viewing time of all five year old
children is 4 hours daily.
2. A college library claims that 20 story books on
the average are borrowed daily.
3. The mean performance of all grade six in the
NAT is 35.
 The average TV viewing time of all five year old
children is 4 hours daily.

Null Hypothesis:
The average TV viewing time of all five year old children is 4
hours daily.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇 = 4
Alternative Hypothesis:
The average TV viewing time of all five year old children is
not 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇 ≠ 4
 A college library claims that 20 story books on the
average are borrowed daily.

Null Hypothesis:
The average borrowed story books in a college
library is 20 books daily.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇 = 20
Alternative Hypothesis:
The average borrowed story books in a college
library is not 20 books daily.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇 ≠ 20
The mean performance of all grade six in the NAT is
35.

Null Hypothesis:
The mean performance of all grade six in the NAT is
35.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇 = 35
Alternative Hypothesis:
The mean performance of all grade six in the NAT is
not 35.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇 ≠ 35
 Seatwork:
1. In 1999, 55.1% of high school students in the U.S.
played on a high school sports team. Has this
percentage changed?
2. Airline passengers understandably do not like it
when their flights are canceled or do not leave or
arrive on time. In 1999, the average number of
complaints about such things was 0.27 per scheduled
flight.
3. In 1998, the average attendance at orchestral
concerts was 1170 people. Has this figure changed?
4. In 1990, the percentage of pilot’s licenses in the U.S. held by
women was 5.8% and was on the decline.
Is this percentage lower today?
5. Dentists often have patients whose dental care is subsidized by
Medicaid, a social insurance program.
On average, each dentist in the U.S. received $6,630 from
Medicaid in 1996. Because there is greater
use of social insurance today, we might expect dentists to be
receiving more from Medicaid now than in 1996. Are they?
6. People register to vote, but they don’t always vote. A 1994
study asked registered voters in the U.S. whether they had voted
in the most recent election. Of those aged 21–24 years, 42% said
they hadvoted. Do fewer such registered voters actually vote,
nowadays?
Alternative Hypothesis

In symbols we use ≠ in the alternative hypothesis suggests

either a greater than > relation or less than < relation.

Question:
On the problem given, the statement
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 250 is not a good alternative hypothesis?
Difference between one-tailed and two-tailed test

with a two-tailed test, you are testing for

the possibility of an effect in two directions,
both the positive and the negative. One-
tailed tests, meanwhile, allow for the
possibility of an effect in only one direction,
while not accounting for an impact in the
opposite direction.
 Alternative Hypothesis
 A non-directional alternative hypothesis states that the null hypothesis is
wrong. A non-directional alternative hypothesis does not predict whether the
parameter of interest is larger or smaller than the reference value specified in
the null hypothesis.

TWO-TAILED TEST

 A directional alternative hypothesis states that the null hypothesis is wrong,

and also specifies whether the true value of the parameter is greater than or
less than the reference value specified in null hypothesis.

ONE-TAILED TEST
Directional or Non-directional?
 A researcher has results for a sample of students who took a national exam
at a high school. The researcher wants to know if the scores at that school
differ from the national average of 850.

NON-DIRECTIONAL
 A researcher has exam results for a sample of students who took a training
course for a national exam. The researcher wants to know if trained
students score above the national average of 850.

DIRECTIONAL
 One-tailed or Two-tailed?
1. A nutritionist claims that her developed bread is
fortified with vitamin B. TWO-TAILED
2. A musician believes that listening to classical
music affects mood. TWO-TAILED
3. A storekeeper thinks that time of day influences
sale of ice cream. TWO-TAILED
4. A mother wants to prove that reading books to
children improves their thinking process.
ONE-TAILED
RIGHT OR LEFT-TAILED?
Left-Tailed
A left tailed test (sometimes
called a lower test) is where
your hypothesis statement
contains a less than (<)
symbol. In other words, the
inequality points to the left.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
Right-Tailed
A right tailed test
(sometimes called an upper
test) is where your
hypothesis statement
contains a greater than (>)
symbol. In other words, the
inequality points to the right.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
two-tailed, right-tailed, or left-tailed?

1. A government official claims that the dropout rate for local schools is
25%. Last year, 190 out of 603 students dropped out. Is there enough
evidence to reject the government official’s claim?

2. A government official claims that the dropout rate for local schools is
less than 25%. Last year, 190 out of 603 students dropped out. Is there
enough evidence to reject the government official’s claim?

3. A government official claims that the dropout rate for local schools is
greater than 25%. Last year, 190 out of 603 students dropped out. Is
there enough evidence to reject the government official’s claim?
Right-Tailed Test

You might be comparing the life of batteries

before and after a manufacturing change. If you
want to know if the battery life is greater than the
original (let’s say 90 hours), your hypothesis
statements might be:

𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇1 = 90 hours
𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇1 > 90 hours
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
NON-DIRECTIONAL (TWO-TAILED)
The probability is found on both tails of the distribution

1—α

α/2 = 0.025
α/2 = 0.025

μ
DIRECTIONAL (ONE-TAILED, LEFT TAILED)
The probability is found at the left of the distribution

1—α

α = 0.05

μ
DIRECTIONAL (ONE-TAILED, RIGHT TAILED)
The probability is found at the right of the distribution

1—α

α = 0.05

μ
Critical Values

Level of Two-tailed One-tailed

Confidence 𝛼 Critical value Critical value

90% 0.10 1.645

95% 0.05 1.96

99% 0.01 2.576

DECISION MAKING
 Four Possible Outcome in Decision-Making
Decision about the 𝑯𝟎
Reject Do not Reject 𝑯𝟎
(or Accept 𝑯𝟎 )

Reality 𝑯𝟎 is true Type I Error Correct Decision

𝑯𝟎 is false Correct Decision Type II Error

Note:
TYPE I ERROR: If the null hypothesis is true and rejected,
the decision is incorrect.
TYPE II ERROR: If the null hypothesis is false and
accepted, the decision is incorrect.
Understanding Errors

1. Maria insists that she is 30 years old when,

in fact, she is 32 years old.
2. On a moonlight, a young man declares
that there are two moons.
3. The boy says, “I will always be here for
you.”
 Types of Errors
Error in Type Probability Correct Type Probability
Decision Decision

Reject a I α Accept A 1-α

true 𝑯𝟎 a true 𝑯𝟎

Accept II β Reject a B 1-β

a false false 𝑯𝟎
𝑯𝟎
Seatwork
A. Identify if the following problem is one-tailed (left or right) or
two-tailed:
1. A civil engineer is trying to prove that his new method of
laying blocks is more effective than the traditional
method.
2. A pit crew claims that its mean pit stop time (for 4 new
tires and fuel) during an auto race is less than 13 seconds.
3. A researcher claims that black horses are, on average,
more than 30 lbs. heavier than white horses, which
average 1100 lbs.
4. A package of gum claims that the flavor lasts more than
39 minutes.
5. An ice pack claims to stay cold between 35 and 65
minutes.
Write TRUE of the statement is true otherwise
write the TYPE OF ERROR that fits to the
statement.

a. A true hypothesis is rejected.

b. A true hypothesis is not rejected.
c. A false hypothesis is not rejected.
d. A false hypothesis is rejected.
Applying Hypothesis Testing

Example:
Bottled Fruit Juice Content
The owner of a factory that sells a particular
bottled fruit juice claims that the average
capacity of a bottle of their product is 250
ml. is the claim true?
Testing the claim

To test the claim the member of a consumer group did the

following:

1. Get a sample of 100 such bottles.

2. Calculate the capacity of each bottle.

3. Compute the sample mean and the claim.

 Formulate Hypothesis
𝐻0 : The bottled drinks contain 250ml per
bottle. 𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇 = 250
𝐻1 : The bottled drinks do not contain 250ml
per bottle. 𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇 ≠ 250

Results
1. The mean of sample 100 bottles is 243ml
(𝑋ത = 243𝑚𝑙).
2. The standard deviation sample 100 bottles
is 10ml (s = 10𝑚𝑙).
 Interpretation
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓𝟎

This expression may be interpreted as follows:

1. The sample comes from a population whose mean μ is
250.
2. The sample comes from a population whose mean is
equal to the population mean 250 (the claim).

𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝝁𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝝁𝟏
Example
State the null and alternative hypothesis in words and
symbols; then graph.

According to a factory employer, the mean working

time of workers in the factory is 6 hours with a standard
deviation of 0.5 hours. A researcher interviewed 50% of the
employees and found out that their mean working time is 8
hours with a standard deviation of 1 hour. The α level is
0.05.
Solution:
Step 1

State the null and alternative hypothesis

𝑯𝟎 : The mean working time of workers in

the factory is 6 hours.

𝑯𝟏 : The mean working time of workers in

the factory is not 6 hours.
 Step 2
Identify the different information about the
problem.
1. Claim: Mean time of 6 hours with a
standard deviation of 0.5 hours
2. After the interview the researcher found
out that the mean working time of 50% of
the employees in a factory is 8 hours with
standard deviation of 1 hour.
3. The α level is 0.05
Step 3
Identify the Critical Value

The question is non-directional (two-tailed)

critical value = 1.96
Step 4

Sketch the Graph

1—α

α/2 = 0.025
α/2 = 0.025

μ
Step 5:

Decide whether to accept or reject 𝑯𝟎

Reject 𝑯𝟎
Accept 𝑯𝟏
Example 2

A high-end computer manufacturer sets

the retail cost of their computers based in
the manufacturing cost, which is $1800.
However, the company thinks there are
hidden costs and that the average cost to
manufacture the computers is actually
much more.
Steps:
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.

2. Identify the different information.

3. Identify if directional or non-directional

and determine the critical value.

4. Sketch the graph.