5 - Analyze - Hypothesis Testing Normal Data - P1

Analyze Phase
Hypothesis Testing Normal Data

Part 1
Hypothesis Testing Normal Data Part 1
Welcome to Analyze
“X” Sifting
Inferential Statistics
Intro to Hypothesis Testing Sample Size
Hypothesis Testing ND P1 Testing Means
Analyzing Results
Hypothesis Testing ND P2
Hypothesis Testing NND P1
Hypothesis Testing NND P2
Wrap Up & Action Items
LSS Green Belt v11.1 MT - Analyze Phase 2 © Open Source Six Sigma, LLC
Test of Means (t-tests)
t-tests are used:
– To compare a Mean against a target.

• i.e.; The team made improvements and wants to compare
the Mean against a target to see if they met the target.
– To compare Means from two different samples.

• i.e.; Machine one to machine two.
• i.e.; Supplier one quality to supplier two quality.
– To compare paired data.

• Comparing the same part before and after a given process.
They don’t look the

same to me!
1 Sample t
A 1-sample t-test is used to compare an expected population Mean to a

target.
Target μsample
MINITABTM performs a one sample t-test or t-confidence interval for the

Mean.
Use 1-sample t to compute a confidence interval and perform a Hypothesis

Test of the Mean when the population Standard Deviation, σ, is unknown.
For a one or two-tailed 1-sample t:
– H0: μsample = μtarget If P-value > 0.05 fail to reject Ho

– Ha: μsample ≠, <, > μtarget If P-value < 0.05 reject Ho
1 Sample t-test Sample Size
Population Target
n=2 Cannot tell the X

difference X X
between the sample XX
X X
X
and the target. X
X X X X X
n = 30 Can tell the X

difference X
between the sample XX
and the target. X X
X XX
S
SE Mean 
n
Sample Size
Three fields must be filled in

and one left blank.
Sample Size
Power and Sample Size
1-Sample t Test
Testing Mean = null (versus not = null)

Calculating power for Mean = null + difference
Alpha = 0.05 Assumed Standard Deviation = 1
Sample
The various sample sizes
Size Power Difference
show how much of a
10 0.9 1.15456
difference can be detected
15 0.9 0.90087
assuming a Standard
20 0.9 0.76446
Deviation = 1.
25 0.9 0.67590
30 0.9 0.61245
35 0.9 0.56408
40 0.9 0.52564
1-Sample t Example
1. Practical Problem:
• We are considering changing suppliers for a part we currently purchase
from a supplier that charges us a premium for the hardening process.
• The proposed new supplier has provided us with a sample of their
product. They have stated they can maintain a given characteristic of 5
on their product.
• We want to test the samples to determine if their claim is accurate.
2. Statistical Problem:
Ho: μN.S. = 5
Ha: μN.S. ≠ 5
3. 1-sample t-test (population Standard Deviation unknown,

comparing to target).
α = 0.05 β = 0.10
Example
4. Sample Size:
• Open the MINITABTM worksheet: “Exh_Stat.MTW”.
• Use the C1 column: Values
– In this case, the new supplier sent 9
samples for evaluation.
– How much of a difference can be
detected with this sample?
1-Sample t Example
This means we will be able to

detect a difference of only 1.24 if
the population has a Standard
Deviation of 1 unit.
MINITABTM Session Window

1-Sample t Test
Sample
9 0.9 1.23748
Example: Follow the Road Map
5. State Statistical Solution

Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test…
Are the data in the values column Normal?
Probability Plot of Values

Normal
99
Mean 4.789
StDev 0.2472
95 N 9
AD 0.327
90
P-Value 0.442
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4

Values
1-Sample t Example
Click “Graphs”
-Select all 3
Click “Options…”
- In CI enter ’95’
Histogram of Values
Histogram of Values
(with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)
2.0
1.5
Frequency
1.0
0.5
0.0 _
X
Ho
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Values
Note our target Mean (represented by red Ho) is outside our

population confidence boundaries which tells us there is a
significant difference between population and target Mean.
Box Plot of Values
Boxplot of Values
_
X
Ho
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Values
Individual Value Plot (Dot Plot)
Individual Value Plot of Values

_
X
Ho
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Values
Session Window
Ho Ha
n
(X i  X) 2
One-Sample T: Values
s 
i 1 n 1
Test of mu = 5 vs not = 5 S
SE Mean 
n
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P

Values 9 4.78889 0.24721 0.08240 (4.59887, 4.97891) -2.56 0.034
T-Calc = Observed – Expected over SE Mean

T-Calc = X-bar – Target over Standard Error
T-Calc = 4.7889 – 5 over .0824 = - 2.56
N – sample size
Mean – calculate mathematic average
StDev – calculated individual Standard Deviation (classical method)
SE Mean – calculated Standard Deviation of the distribution of the Means
Confidence Interval that our population average will fall between 4.5989 and 4.9789
Evaluating the Results
Since the P-value of 0.034 is less than 0.05 reject the null hypothesis.
Based on the samples given there is a difference between the

average of the sample and the desired target.
X Ho
6. State Practical Conclusions

The new supplier’s claim they can meet the target of 5 for the
hardness is not correct.
Manual Calculation of 1- Sample t
Let’s compare the manual calculations to what the

computer calculates.
– Calculate t-statistic from data:
X  Target 4.79  5.00

t   2.56
s 0.247
n 9
– Determine critical t-value from t-table in reference section.

• When the alternative hypothesis has a not equal sign it is a
two-sided test.
• Split the α in half and read from the 0.975 column in the t-
table for n -1 (9 - 1) degrees of freedom.
Manual Calculation of 1- Sample t
degrees of T - Distribution
freedom
.600 .700 .800 .900 .950 .975 .990 .995
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707

7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
m
-2.56
The data supports the alternative -2.306 2.306
hypothesis that the estimate for the
Mean of the population is not 5.0. α/2=.025 α/2 =.025
0
Critical Regions
Confidence Intervals for Two-Sided t-test
The formula for a two-sided t-test is:
s s
X  t α/2,n 1  μ  X  t α/2,n 1
n n
or
X  t crit SE mean  4.788  2.306 * .0824
4.5989 to 4.9789
4.5989 X Ho
4.9789
4.7889
1-Sample t Exercise
Exercise objective: Utilize what you have learned to

conduct and analyze a one sample t-test using
MINITABTM.
1. The last engineering estimation said we would

achieve a product with average results of 32 parts per
million (ppm).
2. We want to test if we are achieving this performance

level, we want to know if we are on target with 95%
confidence in our answer. Use worksheet
HYPOTTESTSTUD with data in column “ppm VOC”
3. Are we on Target?
1-Sample t Exercise: Solution
Since we do not know the population Standard Deviation we

will use the 1 sample T test to determine if we are at Target.
After selecting column C1 and

setting “Test mean” to 32.0,
click “Graphs…” and select
“Histogram of data” to get a
good visualization of the
analysis.
Depending on the test you are

running you may need to
select “Options…” to set your
desired Confidence Interval
and hypothesis. In this case
the MINITABTM defaults are
what we want.
Because we used the

option of “Graphs…” we Histogram of ppm VOC
get a nice visualization (with Ho and 95% t-confidence interval for the mean)
10
of the data in a
histogram AND a plot of 8
the null hypothesis

6
relative to the
Frequency
confidence level of the 4
population Mean.
2
0 _
Because the null Ho
X
hypothesis is within the 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

ppm VOC
confidence level you
know we will “fail to
reject” the null
hypothesis and accept
the equipment is running
at the target of 32.0.
In MINITABTM’s Session Window (ctrl – M) you can see the P-value

of 0.201. Because it is above 0.05 we “fail to reject” the null
hypothesis so we accept the equipment is giving product at a target
of 32.0 ppm VOC.
Hypothesis Testing Roadmap
Normal
Test of Equal Variance 1 Sample Variance 1 Sample t-test
Variance Equal Variance Not Equal
Two samples Two samples
2 Sample T One Way ANOVA 2 Sample T One Way ANOVA
2 Sample t-test
A 2-sample t-test is used to compare two Means.

Stat > Basic Statistics > 2-Sample t
MINITABTM performs an independent two-sample t-test to generate a

confidence interval.
Use 2-Sample t to perform a Hypothesis Test and compute a

confidence interval of the difference between two population Means
when the population Standard Deviations, σ’s, are unknown.
Two tailed test:

– H0: μ1 = μ2 If P-value > 0.05 fail to reject Ho
– Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2 If P-value < 0.05 reject Ho
One tailed test:

– H0: μ1 = μ2
– Ha: μ1 > or < μ2
m1 m2
Sample Size
Three fields must be filled in

and one left blank.
Sample Size

2-Sample t Test
Testing Mean 1 = Mean 2 (versus not equal)
Calculating power for Mean 1 = Mean 2 + difference
Sample
10 0.9 1.53369
The various sample
15 0.9 1.22644 sizes show how much
20 0.9 1.05199 of a difference can be
25 0.9 0.93576 detected assuming the
30 0.9 0.85117
Standard Deviation = 1.
35 0.9 0.78605
40 0.9 0.73392
The sample size is for each group.
2-Sample t Example
• We have conducted a study in order to determine the effectiveness
of a new heating system. We have installed two different types of
dampers in home ( Damper = 1 and Damper = 2).
• We want to compare the BTU.In data from the two types of
dampers to determine if there is any difference between the two
products.
Ho: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2
3. 2-Sample t-test (population Standard Deviations unknown).
α = 0.05 β = 0.10
No, not that kind of damper!
2 Sample t Example
4. Sample Size:
• Open the MINITABTM worksheet: “Furnace.MTW”
• Scroll through the data to see how the data is coded.
• In order to work with the data in the BTU.In column we will need
to unstack the data by damper type.
2 Sample t Example
Data > Unstack Columns…
2 Sample t Example
2 Sample t Example

2-Sample t Test
Testing Mean 1 = Mean 2 (versus not =)
Calculating power for Mean 1 = Mean 2 +
difference
Alpha = 0.05 Assumed Standard Deviation
=1
Sample
40 0.9 0.733919
50 0.9 0.654752
The sample size is for each group.
Example: Follow the Roadmap…
Normality Test – Is the Data Normal?
Probability Plot of BTU.In_1

Normal
99
Mean 9.908
StDev 3.020
95 N 40
AD 0.475
90
P-Value 0.228
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
5 10 15 20
BTU.In_1
Normality Test – Is the Data Normal?
Probability Plot of BTU.In_2

Normal
99
Mean 10.14
StDev 2.767
95 N 50
AD 0.190
90
P-Value 0.895
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
BTU.In_2
Test of equal Variance (Bartlett’s Test)
Test of Equal Variance
Test for Equal Variances for BTU.In

F-Test
Test Statistic 1.19
1 P-Value 0.558
Damper
Lev ene's Test

Test Statistic 0.00
P-Value 0.996
Sample 1 2
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

95% Bonferroni Confidence Intervals for StDevs
Sample 2
1
Damper
5 10 15 20
BTU.In
2 Sample t-test Equal Variance
Box Plot
Boxplot of BTU.In by Damper

20
15
BTU.In
10
1 2
Damper
5. State Statistical Conclusions: Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

6. State Practical Conclusions: There is no difference between the
dampers for BTU’s in.
Minitab Session Window
Calculated
Average n
(X i  X) 2
s 
i 1 n 1
S
SE Mean 
n
Two- Sample T-Test

Number of -1.450 0.980 (Variances Equal)
Samples -0.38
Ho: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1≠ or < or > μ2
Exercise
Exercise objective: Utilize what you have learned to

conduct and analyze a 2 sample t-test using
MINITABTM.
1. Billy Bob’s Pool Care has conducted a study on the

effectiveness of two chlorination distributors in a swimming
pool. (Distributor 1 & Distributor 2).
2. The up and coming Billy Bob Jr., looking to prove himself,

wants a comparison done on the Clor.Lev_Post data from
the two types of distributors in order to determine if there is
any difference between the two products.
3. With 95% confidence is there a significant difference

between the two distributors?
4. Use data within MINITABTM Worksheet “Billy Bobs Pool.mtw”
2 Sample T-Test: Solution
1. What do we want to know: With 95% confidence is there a

significant difference between the two distributors?
Ho: μ1 = μ2
Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2
3. 2-Sample t-test (population

Standard Deviations unknown).
α = 0.05 β = 0.10
4. Now we need to look at the data to

determine the Sample Size but let’s
see how the data is formatted first.
Data > Unstack Columns…
• “Unstack the data in:” Select ‘Clor.Levl_Post’

• “Using subscripts in:” Select ‘Distributor’
• Clor.Lev_Post_1 =
Distributor 1
• Clor.Lev_Post_2 =
Distributor 2
• We want to determine what

is the smallest difference
that can be detected based
on our data.
• Fill in the three areas and

leave “Differences:” blank
so that MINITABTM will tell
us the differences we need.
The smallest difference that can be calculated is based on the

smallest sample size.
In this case:
.7339 rounded to.734
Follow the path: “Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test…”
Check Normality for ‘Clor.Lev_Post_1’
The result shows

us a P-value of
0.304 so our data
is Normal.
Check Normality for ‘Clor.Lev_Post_2’
The result shows

us a P-value of
0.941 so our data
is also Normal.
Test for Equal Variances
MINITABTM Path:
“Stat > ANOVA > Test
for Equal Variances…”
For the “Response:” we select our stacked column

‘Clor.Lev_Post’
For our “Factors:” we select our stacked column ‘Distributor’
Look at the P-value of 0.113 ~

This tells us there is no statistically significant difference in the
variance in these two data sets.
What does this mean….We can finally run a 2 sample t–test with
Equal Variances?
For “Samples:” enter ‘Clor.Lev_Post’
For “Subscripts:” enter ‘Distributors’
Look at the Box Plot and Session Window.
There is NO significant difference between the distributors.
Hmm, we’re
a lot alike!
Two-sample T for Clor.Lev_Post
Distributor N Mean StDev SE Mean

1 40 17.84 3.97 0.63
2 50 17.41 3.12 0.44
Difference = mu (1) - mu (2)

Estimate for difference: 0.436
95% CI for difference: (-1.049, 1.920)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = 0.58 P-Value = 0.561 DF = 88
Both use Pooled StDev = 3.5209
Normal
Unequal Variance Example
Don’t just sit there…. open

it!
Normality Test
Probability Plot of Sample 3

Normal
Run a Normality Test… 99.9

Mean
StDev
4.852
3.134
99
Let’s compare the data 95
N
AD
P-Value
100
0.274
0.658
90
in Sample one and 80
70
Percent
60
Sample three columns. 50
40
30
20
10
5
Probability Plot of Sample 1 0.1

Normal -5 0 5 10 15
99.9 Sample 3
Mean 4.853
StDev 1.020
99 N 100
AD 0.374
95 P-Value 0.411
90
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
Our data sets are
10
5
Normally Distributed.
1
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample 1
Test for Equal Variance
Standard Deviation
Stat>ANOVA>Test of Equal Variance
of Samples
Test for Equal Variances for Stacked
F-Test
Test Statistic 0.11
1 P-Value 0.000
Levene's Test
C4
Test Statistic 67.07
We use F-Test Statistic P-Value 0.000
because our data is 2
Normally Distributed.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
P-value is less than 0.05 95% Bonferroni Confidence Intervals for StDevs
so our variances are not
equal.
1
C4
Medians of Samples -5 0 5 10 15
Stacked
2-Sample t-test Unequal Variance
UNCHECK
“Assume equal
variances” box.
Boxplot of Stacked by C4
15 Indicates
Sample
Means
10
Stacked
-5
1 2
C4
Individual Value Plot of Stacked vs C4
15
Indicates
10 Sample
Means
Stacked
-5
1 2
C4
Two-Sample T-Test
(Variances Not Equal)
Ho: μ1 = μ2 (P-value > 0.05)

Ha: μ1 ≠ or < or > μ2 (P-value < 0.05)
Stat>Basic Stats> 2 sample T (Deselect Assume Equal Variance)
Normal
Paired t-test
• A Paired t-test is used to compare the Means of two measurements from the
same samples generally used as a before and after test.
Stat > Basic Statistics > Paired t
• MINITABTM performs a paired t-test. This is appropriate for testing the

difference between two Means when the data are paired and the paired
differences follow a Normal Distribution.
• Use the Paired t command to compute a confidence interval and perform a

Hypothesis Test of the difference between population Means when
observations are paired. A paired t-procedure matches responses that are
dependent or related in a pair-wise manner. delta
(d)
• This matching allows you to account for
variability between the pairs usually resulting in
a smaller error term, thus increasing the sensitivity
of the Hypothesis Test or confidence interval.
– Ho: μδ = μo
– Ha: μδ ≠ μo mbefore mafter
• Where μδ is the population Mean of the differences and μ0 is the hypothesized

Mean of the differences, typically zero.
Example
• We are interested in changing the sole material for a popular
brand of shoes for children.
• In order to account for variation in activity of children wearing the
shoes each child will wear one shoe of each type of sole
material. The sole material will be randomly assigned to either
the left or right shoe.
Ho: μδ = 0
Ha: μδ ≠ 0
3. Paired t-test (comparing data that must remain paired).
α = 0.05 β = 0.10
Just checking your

souls, er…soles!
Example
4. Sample Size:
• How much of a difference can be detected with 10 samples?
Open Minitab Worksheet “EXH_STAT DELTA.MTW”
Paired t-test Example
Now that’s a
tee test!

1-Sample t Test
This means we will be able to detect Sample

a difference of only 1.15 if the Size Power Difference
Standard Deviation is equal to 1. 10 0.9 1.15456
Paired t-test Example

Calc > Calculator
We need to calculate the difference

between the two distributions. We are Check this box so MinitabTM will
concerned with the delta; is the Ho recalculate as new data is entered.
outside the t-calc (confidence interval)?
Analyzing the Delta
Following the Hypothesis Test roadmap we first test the AB-

Delta distribution for Normality.
Probability Plot of AB Delta

Normal
99
Mean 0.41
StDev 0.3872
95 N 10
AD 0.261
90
P-Value 0.622
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
1
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
AB Delta
1-Sample t
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t-test…

Since there is only one column,
AB Delta, we do not test for
Equal Variance per the
Hypothesis Testing roadmap.
Check this data for statistical

significance in its departure
from our expected value of
zero.
Box Plot

Box Plot of AB Delta
One-Sample T: AB Delta
Test of mu = 0 vs not = 0
Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean
AB Delta 10 0.410000 0.387155 0.122429
95% CI T P
(0.133046, 0.686954) 3.35 0.009
5. State Statistical Conclusions: Reject the null hypothesis
6. State Practical Conclusions: We are 95% confident there is a

difference in wear rates between the two materials.
Paired T-Test
Another way to analyze this data is to use the paired t-test

command.
Stat>Basic Statistics>Paired T-test
Click on “Graphs…” and

select the graphs you would
like to generate.
Paired T-Test
Boxplot of Differences
The P-value from this

Paired T-Test tells us the
difference in materials is
statistically significant.
_
X
Ho
-1.2 -0.9 -0.6 -0.3 0.0

Differences
Paired T-Test and CI: Mat-A, Mat-B

Paired T for Mat-A - Mat-B
N Mean StDev SE Mean

Mat-A 10 10.6300 2.4513 0.7752
Mat-B 10 11.0400 2.5185 0.7964
Difference 10 -0.410000 0.387155 0.122429
95% CI for Mean difference: (-0.686954, -0.133046)

T-Test of Mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0): T-Value = -3.35 P-Value = 0.009
Paired T-Test
The wrong way to analyze this data is to use a 2-sample t-test:
Two-sample T for Mat-A vs Mat-B

N Mean StDev SE Mean
Mat-A 10 10.63 2.45 0.78
Mat-B 10 11.04 2.52 0.80
Difference = mu (Mat-A) - mu (Mat-B)
Estimate for difference: -0.410000
95% CI for difference: (-2.744924, 1.924924)
T-Test of difference = 0 (vs not =): T-Value = -0.37
P-Value = 0.716 DF = 18
Both use Pooled StDev = 2.4851
Paired t-test Exercise
Exercise objective: Utilize what you have learned to conduct

an analysis a paired t-test using MINITABTM.
1. A corrugated packaging company produces material that uses

creases to make boxes easier to fold. It is a Critical to Quality
characteristic to have a predictable Relative Crease Strength. The
quality manager is having her lab test some samples labeled 1-11.
Then those same samples are being sent to her colleague at
another facility who will report their measurements on those same
1-11 samples.
2. The US quality manager wants to know with 95% confidence what

the average difference is between the lab located in Texas and the
lab located in Mexico when measuring Relative Crease Strength.
3. Use the data in columns “Texas” & “Mexico” in

“HypoTestStud.mtw” to determine the answer to the quality
manager’s question.
Paired t-test Exercise: Solution
Because the two labs Calc > Calculator…
agreed to exactly report

measurement results for
the same parts and the
results were put in the
correct corresponding row
we are able to do a paired t-
test.
The first thing we must do

is create a new column with
the difference between the
two test results.
We must confirm the differences (now in a new calculated column) are

from a Normal Distribution. This was confirmed with the Anderson-
Darling Normality Test by doing a graphical summary under Basic
Statistics.
Summary for TX_MX-Diff

A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.45
P -V alue 0.222
M ean 0.22727
S tDev 0.37971
V ariance 0.14418
S kew ness -0.833133
Kurtosis -0.233638
N 11
M inimum -0.50000
1st Q uartile -0.10000
M edian 0.40000
3rd Q uartile 0.50000
-0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 M aximum 0.70000
95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean
-0.02782 0.48237
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
-0.11644 0.50822
95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev
95% Confidence Intervals
0.26531 0.66637
Mean
Median
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
As we have seen before this 1 Sample T analysis is found with:

Stat>Basic Stat>1-sample T
Even though the Mean difference is 0.23 we have a 95% confidence interval that
includes zero so we know the 1-sample t-test’s null hypothesis was “failed to be
rejected”. We cannot conclude the two labs have a difference in lab results.
Histogram of TX_MX-Diff
3
Frequency
The P-value is greater than

0.05 so we do not have the 2
95% confidence we wanted
to confirm a difference in the 1
lab Means. This confidence
interval could be reduced 0 _
X
with more samples taken Ho
next time and analyzed by -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
both labs. TX_MX-Diff
Normal
Summary
At this point you should be able to:

• Determine appropriate sample sizes for testing Means
• Conduct various Hypothesis Tests for Means
• Properly analyze results
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5 - Analyze - Hypothesis Testing Normal Data - P1

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5 - Analyze - Hypothesis Testing Normal Data - P1

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Analyze Phase

Hypothesis Testing Normal Data

Intro to Hypothesis Testing Sample Size

Hypothesis Testing ND P1 Testing Means

Hypothesis Testing NND P1

Hypothesis Testing NND P2

Wrap Up & Action Items

t-tests are used:

– To compare a Mean against a target.

– To compare Means from two different samples.

– To compare paired data.

They don’t look the

A 1-sample t-test is used to compare an expected population Mean to a

MINITABTM performs a one sample t-test or t-confidence interval for the

Use 1-sample t to compute a confidence interval and perform a Hypothesis

– H0: μsample = μtarget If P-value > 0.05 fail to reject Ho

n=2 Cannot tell the X

n = 30 Can tell the X

Three fields must be filled in

Power and Sample Size

Testing Mean = null (versus not = null)

3. 1-sample t-test (population Standard Deviation unknown,

This means we will be able to

MINITABTM Session Window

5. State Statistical Solution

Are the data in the values column Normal?

Probability Plot of Values

4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Note our target Mean (represented by red Ho) is outside our

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Individual Value Plot of Values

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean 95% CI T P

T-Calc = Observed – Expected over SE Mean

Based on the samples given there is a difference between the

6. State Practical Conclusions

Let’s compare the manual calculations to what the

X  Target 4.79  5.00

– Determine critical t-value from t-table in reference section.

6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707

The formula for a two-sided t-test is:

Exercise objective: Utilize what you have learned to

1. The last engineering estimation said we would

2. We want to test if we are achieving this performance

Since we do not know the population Standard Deviation we

After selecting column C1 and

Depending on the test you are

Because we used the

the null hypothesis

hypothesis is within the 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

In MINITABTM’s Session Window (ctrl – M) you can see the P-value

Test of Equal Variance 1 Sample Variance 1 Sample t-test

Variance Equal Variance Not Equal

Two samples Two samples

2 Sample T One Way ANOVA 2 Sample T One Way ANOVA

A 2-sample t-test is used to compare two Means.

MINITABTM performs an independent two-sample t-test to generate a

Use 2-Sample t to perform a Hypothesis Test and compute a

Two tailed test:

– Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2 If P-value < 0.05 reject Ho

One tailed test:

Three fields must be filled in