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“Sovereignty resides in the people and all

government authority emanates from them”.


Definition of Sovereignty

Supreme power or authority


The sovereign people assert their
sovereignty in two distinct processes.
The two processes should not be
confused.
The first is through their vote in a
plebiscite ratifying or amending the
Constitution.
The second is through the sovereign
people’s vote in an election.
A concept of governance independent of
interference from external bodies.
(Internal vs. External)
External sovereignty - is the right of a
nation to be free from external forces of
interference that would challenge, disrupt,
or remove the rights & freedoms of that
nation to exist & to govern its own territory
& society.
Internal sovereignty - is the right of a
nation to be free of internal forces of
disruption to its rights & freedoms to
exercise the internal governance of its
society & territories.
The power of the people to chart their
destiny
Rule of majority or rule of minority?
The concept of democracy
The essence of democracy is majority rule,
the making of binding decisions by a vote of
more than one-half of all persons who
participate in an election.
However, constitutional democracy
in our time requires majority rule
with minority rights.
Representative
Direct
Direct decision on policy initiatives. Election of representatives in the
Government through a popular
Consensus-majority rule. election.
e.g. Athenian democracy. Greek
Assemblies and jurors chosen by lot. The elected representatives will
enact policy initiatives.
Direct or Representative?
“The Philippines is a democratic and
republican state”.
Direct Democracy in Philippines?
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the
people through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total
number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at
least three per centum of the registered voters therein.
Section 4(2). Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a
majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days
nor later than ninety days after the certification by the Commission on Elections of the
sufficiency of the petition.
Political Sovereign

Legal Sovereign
Legal Sovereign
Legal sovereignty represents the lawyer’s
conception of sovereignty. It is associated with the
supreme law-making authority in the state. The
body which has the power to issue final commands
in the form of laws is the legal sovereign in a state.
This power may be vested in one person or a body
of persons.
Political Sovereign
is sometimes called supreme will, and includes
control of a specific state granted through a
constitution or other enabling law, and carried out
through an established government. Political
sovereignty generally gives states certain rights,
including a degree of political independence from
a central government.
The State
• PEOPLE
• TERRITORY
• SOVEREIGNTY
• GOVERNMENT
• Legislative Department
• Executive Department
• Judicial Department
• Legislative Power
•Collegial nature
• The Congress
•Senate
•House of Representatives
• Executive Power
The President
• Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency (Alter Ego )
Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency (Alter Ego )
This doctrine means that the acts of the secretaries of
the Executive departments performed and promulgated in
the regular course of business are presumptively the acts
of the Chief Executive.
• Judicial Power
• The Courts
•Supreme Court
•Court of Appeals/Sandiganbayan
•Regional Trial Courts
•Municipal Trial Courts
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle
actual controversies involving rights which are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or
not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the Government.
• Commission on Audit
• Civil Service Commission
• Commission on Elections
• ARMM
• Provinces/Highly Urbanized Cities/Independent
Component Cities
• Component Cities
• Municipalities
• Barangays

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