Meadjielo Cabiles Brayn Magmanlac

James Octavo Dherick Medrano

Jezreel Calleja John Carlo Olavere
Patrick Zoilo Del Mundo Lemuel Enopia
Christian Cusi Aljon Castidades
Single phase induction motors require
just one power phase for their operation.
They are commonly used in low power
rating applications, in domestic as well
as industrial use.
A three phase motor may be run from a single phase
power source. However, it will not self-start. It may
be hand started in either direction, coming up to
speed in a few seconds. It will only develop 2/3 of the
3-φ power rating because one winding is not used.
The main components of a single phase
motor are the rotor and stator winding.
The rotor is the rotating part, the stator
winding helps in rotating the rotor.
The winding has 2 parts; One main winding and an
auxiliary winding. The auxiliary winding is placed
perpendicular to the main winding. A capacitor is
connected to the auxiliary winding.
To understand its working better, let’s assume there is
only one coil in the main and auxiliary winding.
Assume no current is flowing through the auxiliary
winding. AC current passing through the main winding
will produce a fluctuating magnetic field.
The working of single phase induction motors is simple.
Just put one rotor which is already rotating, inside such a
magnetic field. You can note one interesting thing; the
rotor will keep on rotating in the same direction.
The fluctuating field is equivalent to the sum
of two oppositely rotating magnetic fields.
The single coil excited by a single phase current
produces two counter rotating magnetic field phasors,
coinciding twice per revolution at 0o and 180o . When the
phasors rotate to 90o and -90o they cancel in figure c. At
45o and -45o they are partially additive along the +x axis
and cancel along the y axis. An analogous situation exists
in figure d. The sum of these two phasors is a phasor
stationary in space, but alternating polarity in time.
Thus, no starting torque is developed.
The effect of the rotating magnetic field on the rotor is
interesting. Since the magnetic field is varying,
electricity is induced in the rotor bars due
to electromagnetic induction. This will produce a force,
so the rotor will start to rotate.
But here we have got 2 such oppositely rotating magnetic
fields, so the torques produced by them will be equal
and opposite. The net effect will be zero torque on the
rotor. So the rotor won’t start, it will simply buzz.
According to Nikola Tesla, If we can cancel any of
the rotating fields, we will be able to start the motor.
The auxiliary winding cum capacitor arrangement is
used exactly for this purpose. Auxiliary winding also
produces 2 oppositely revolving magnetic fields.
One of them will cancel the RMF of the main
winding and the other will get added up. The result
will be a single magnetic field, which revolves under
specific speed. Such a magnetic field can give
starting torque to the rotor. Or the motor will self
start. After the rotor has attained a specific speed,
even if you cut the auxiliary winding, it will keep on
rotating, as explained earlier. This cutting action is
done through a centrifugal switch.
 Single phase induction motors are simple in construction,
reliable and economical for small power rating as compared
to three phase induction motors.
 The electrical power factor of single phase induction
motors is low as compared to three phase induction
motors.
 For same size, the single phase induction motors develop
about 50% of the output as that of three phase induction
motors.
 The starting torque is also low for asynchronous motors /
single phase induction motor.
 The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less as
compare it to the three phase induction motors.
 vacuum cleaner
 Fans
 washing machine
 centrifugal pump
 Blowers
 washing machine
 small toy, etc
The single phase induction motors are made self
starting by providing an additional flux by some
additional means. Now depending upon these
additional means the single phase induction motors
are classified as:
 Split phase induction motor.
 Capacitor start inductor motor.
 Capacitor start & run induction motor
 Resistance start
 Resistance split phase
 Shaded pole induction motor.
In a split phase induction motor, the additional
winding is known as auxiliary winding or starting
winding. The stator of a split phase induction motor is
provided with an auxiliary or starting winding S in
addition to the main or running winding M to make
the single phase induction motor self starting. The
starting winding is displaced 90° electrical from the
main winding and operates only during the brief
period when the motor starts up.
The two windings are so designed that the starting
winding S has a high resistance and relatively small
reactance while the main winding M has relatively low
resistance and large reactance as shown in the
schematic connections in figure. Consequently, the
currents flowing in the two windings have reasonable
phase difference (25° to 30°) as shown in the phasor
diagram in figure given below. Hence the motor
behaves like a two phase motor. These two currents
produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor
self starting. A centrifugal switch is connected in
series with the starting winding. Its function is to
automatically disconnect the starting winding from
supply when the motor has reached 70 to 80 percent
of its full load speed.
The resistance of starting winding may be
increased by two ways :

• by connecting a high resistance in series

with it
• by choosing high resistance fine copper wire
for winding purposes.
The important characteristics of split phase induction
motor are given below,
 The starting torque is 150 to 200 per cent of the full
load torque with a starting current of 6 to 8 times the
full load current.
 Since the starting winding is made of fine wire, the
current density is high and the winding heats up
quickly. If the starting period exceeds 5 seconds, the
winding may burn out unless the motor is protected by
built-in-thermal relay. This motor is, therefore,
suitable where starting periods are not frequent.
 Due to their low cost, split-phase induction motors are
most popular single phase motors in the market.
 An important characteristic of these motors is that
they are essentially constant-speed motors. The speed
variation is 2-5% from no-load to full load. For this
reason they are usually regarded as constant speed
motors.
 These motors are suitable where a moderate starting
torque is required and where starting periods are
infrequent e.g., to drive: (a) fans (b) washing machines
(c) oil burners (d) small machine tools etc.
The power rating of such motors generally lies between
60 W and 250 W.
 When the two stator windings are energized
from a single-phase supply, the main winding
carries current Im while the starting winding
carries current Is.
 Since main winding is made highly inductive
while the starting winding highly resistive, the
currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase
angle a (25° to 30°) between them as shown in
Figure. Consequently, a weak revolving field
approximating to that of a 2-phase machine is
produced which starts the motor.
 The starting torque is given by;
Ts = kImIssinα
;where k is a constant whose magnitude depends
upon the design of the motor.

 When the motor reaches about 75% of

synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch opens
the circuit of the starting winding. The motor then
operates as a single-phase induction motor and
continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal
speed. The normal speed of the motor is below the
synchronous speed and depends upon the load on
the motor.
 The starting torque is low, typically 100% to 175%
of the rated torque.
 The motor draws high starting current,
approximately 700% to 1,000% of the rated
current.
 The maximum generated torque ranges from 250%
to 350% of the rated torque.
Capacitors are used to improve the starting
and running performance of the single phase
inductions motors. The capacitor start
induction motor is also a split phase motor.
The capacitor start motor is identical to a
split-phase motor except that the starting
winding has as many turns as the main
winding.
 Although starting characteristics of a capacitor-
start motor are better than those of a split-
phase motor, both machines possess the same
running characteristics because the main
windings are identical.
 Capacitor start motors are used where high
starting torque is required and where the
starting period may be long e.g., to drive: (a)
compressors (b) large fans (c) pumps (d) high
inertia loads
 The phase angle between the two currents is
about 80° compared to about 25° in a split-
phase motor. Consequently, for the same
starting torque, the current in the starting
winding is only about half that in a split-phase
motor. Therefore, the starting winding of a
capacitor start motor heats up less quickly and
is well suited to applications involving either
frequent or prolonged starting periods

The power rating of such motors lies between 120

W and 7-5 kW.
A capacitor C is connected in series with the starting
winding through a centrifugal switch. The value of
capacitor is so chosen that the current Is in the auxiliary
coil leads current Im in main coil by about 80° which is
considerably greater than 25° found in split phase motor.
This becomes a balanced 2 phase motor if the magnitude
of Is and Im are equal and are displaced in time phase by
90° electrical degrees.
Consequently, starting torque (Ts = kImIssinα) is much more
than that of a split-phase motor. The starting winding is
opened by the centrifugal switch when the motor attains
about 75% of synchronous speed. The motor then operates
as a single-phase induction motor and continues to
accelerate till it reaches the normal speed.
Capacitors in induction run motors enable them to
handle heavier start loads by strengthening the
magnetic field of the start windings. These loads
might include refrigerators, compressors, elevators,
and augers.
The size of capacitors used in these types of
applications ranges from 1/6 to 10 horsepower. High
starting torque designs also require high starting
currents and high breakdown torque.
 Since the capacitor is in series with the start
circuit, it creates more starting torque, typically
200% to 400% of the rated torque.
 The starting current, usually 450% to 575% of the
rated current, is much lower than the split-phase
due to the larger wire in the start circuit.
 Sizes range from fractional to 10 hp at 900 to 3600
rpm.
The capacitor start, capacitor run (CSCR) motor
adds a run capacitor to the start capacitor, which
provides the motor with better torque characteristics
when the motor is operating at full speed.
The run capacitor is usually oval or square shaped
and has a metal housing rather than plastic. The
metal housing allows the run capacitor to radiate
any heat that is built up inside it, since it's
connected to remain in the run winding circuit at all
times.
The run capacitor is connected in parallel with the
run winding. It will be in the circuit during starting
and remain in the circuit while the motor is running.
During the time the motor is starting, the
additional capacitor provides a little more phase
shift than the start capacitor alone, which gives the
motor more starting torque.
After the motor is running, the start capacitor is
disconnected from the start winding circuit when
the potential relay contacts open, but the
run capacitor remains in the circuit because it’s wired
directly across the R and S terminals. If the load
increases slightly because the compressor is trying to
pump more refrigerant, the run capacitor will provide a
small phase shift to give the rotor more torque
and regain the loss of rpm quickly. The larger the load
increase is, the more speed the rotor will lose, which will
cause additional current to be drawn. The increase in
current will pass through the run capacitor and cause it
to provide a larger phase shift, which in turn provides
the rotor with more torque. The run capacitor allows the
speed of the motor to remain fairly constant when the
load is constantly varying.
This type of motor is used almost exclusively for
hermetic compressor motors in air-conditioning
systems. One will find air-conditioning systems
connected to most modern electronic panels today
to provide the additional cooling that is required
when computers, motor drives, and other amplifiers
are placed in an enclosed cabinet.
 The motor design can easily be altered for use with
speed controllers.
 They can also be designed for optimum efficiency
and High-Power Factor (PF) at the rated load.
 They’re considered to be the most reliable of the
single-phase motors, mainly because no
centrifugal starting switch is required.
A modified version of the capacitor start motor is the
resistance start motor. In this motor type, the starting
capacitor is replaced by a resistor. This motor also has a
starting winding in addition to the main winding. It is
switched in and out of the circuit just as it was in the
capacitor-start motor. The starting winding is positioned
at right angles to the main winding. The electrical phase
shift between the currents in the two windings is
obtained by making the impedance of the windings
unequal. The main winding has a high inductance and a
low resistance. The current, therefore, lags the voltage by
a large angle. The starting winding is designed to have a
fairly low inductance and a high resistance. Here the
current lags the voltage by a smaller angle.
For example, suppose the current in the main winding
lags the voltage by 70º. The current in the auxiliary
winding lags the voltage by 40º. The currents are,
therefore, out of phase by 30º. The magnetic fields are
out of phase by the same amount. Although the ideal
angular phase difference is 90º for maximum starting
torque, the 30-degree phase difference still generates a
rotating field. This supplies enough torque to start the
motor. When the motor comes up to speed, a speed-
controlled switch disconnects the starting winding from
the line, and the motor continues to run as an induction
motor. The starting torque is not as great as it is in the
capacitor-start.
Such motors find wide applications for low inertia
loads, continuous operating loads, and applications
requiring moderate starting torque such as for
driving washing machines, fans, blowers, centrifugal
pumps, domestic refrigerators, duplicating
machines, wood working tools, grinders, oil burners,
etc.
The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction
motor has salient or projected poles. These poles are
shaded by copper band or ring which is inductive in
nature. The poles are divided into two unequal
halves. The smaller portion carries the copper band
and is called as shaded portion of the pole.
When a single phase supply is given to the stator of
shaded pole induction motor an alternating flux is
produced. This change of flux induces emf in the
shaded coil. Since this shaded portion is short
circuited, the current is produced in it in such a
direction to oppose the main flux. The flux in
shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded
pole. The phase difference between these two fluxes
produces resultant rotating flux.
We know that the stator winding current is
alternating in nature and so is the flux produced by
the stator current. In order to clearly understand the
working of shaded pole induction motor consider
three regions-
1. When the flux changes its value from zero to
nearly maximum positive value.
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its
maximum value.
3. When the flux decreases from maximum positive
value to zero.
When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly
maximum positive value – In this region the rate of rise
of flux and hence current is very high. According
to Faraday's law whenever there is change in flux emf
gets induced. Since the copper band is short circuit the
current starts flowing in the copper band due to this
induced emf. This current in copper band produces its
own flux. Now according to Lenz's law the direction of
this current in copper band is such that it opposes its
own cause i.e rise in current. So the shaded ring flux
opposes the main flux, which leads to the crowding of
flux in non shaded part of stator and the flux weaken in
shaded part. This non uniform distribution of flux
causes magnetic axis to shift in the middle of the non
shaded part.
When the flux remains almost constant at its
maximum value- In this region the rate of rise of
current and hence flux remains almost constant.
Hence there is very little induced emf in the shaded
portion. The flux produced by this induced emf has
no effect on the main flux and hence distribution of
flux remains uniform and the magnetic axis lies at
the center of the pole.
When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to
zero - In this region the rate of decrease in the flux and hence
current is very high. According to Faraday's law whenever
there is change in flux emf gets induced. Since the copper
band is short circuit the current starts flowing in the copper
band due to this induced emf. This current in copper band
produces its own flux. Now according to Lenz's law the
direction of the current in copper band is such that it
opposes its own cause i.e decrease in current. So the shaded
ring flux aids the main flux, which leads to the crowding of
flux in shaded part of stator and the flux weaken in non
shaded part. This non uniform distribution of flux causes
magnetic axis to shift in the middle of the shaded part of the
pole. This shifting of magnetic axis continues for negative
cycle also and leads to the production of rotating magnetic
field. The direction of this field is from non shaded part of
the pole to the shaded part of the pole.
 Very economical and reliable.
 Construction is simple and robust because there is
no centrifugal switch.
 Low power factor.
 The starting torque is very poor.
 The efficiency is very low as, the copper losses are
high due to presence of copper band.
 The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as
it requires another set of copper rings.
Applications of Shaded pole motors induction
motor are- Due to their low starting torques and
reasonable cost these motors are mostly employed in
small instruments, hair dryers, toys, record players,
small fans, electric clocks etc. These motors are
usually available in a range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.
 Calculate the regulation and slip of a single-phase
induction motor that has a no load speed of 1195 rpm
and a full-load speed of 1120 rpm when operated from
a 60-cycle source.
 A 1/20-hp 1550 rpm shaded-pole induction motor takes
120 watts when operating at full load. What is its
efficiency?
 A ½-hp 1750-rpm capacitor induction motor develops
350 percent starting torque. What is the starting
torque in N-m and lb-ft.
 A 230 V, 50 Hz, 4 – pole single phase induction motor
has the following equivalent circuit impedances:R1 =
2.2Ω, R2 = 4.5Ω, X1 = 3.1Ω, X2 = 2.6Ω, Xm = 80Ω,
Friction, windage and core loss = 40 W . For a slip of
0.03, calculate (a) input current, (b) power factor, (c)
developed power, (d) output power, (e) efficiency