First-order differential

equations
1st Semester, A.Y. 2019-2010
COE 201
Content Layout

 Method of separation of variables

 Method of transformation of variables (homogenous equation & special
transformation)
 Exact differential equation and integrating factors
 Linear first-order equation
 Bernoulli differential equation
Learning Outcome

 To present the mathematical concepts and various techniques in a clear, logical

and concise manner.
Method of separation of variables

We begin our study of the methods for solving first-order equations by studying an
equation of the form: M dx + N dy = 0, where M and N may be functions of both x
and y. Some equations of this type are so simple that they can be put in the form:
A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0;
that is, the variables can be separated.

This type of D.E. is called variable separable or separable differential equations.

Rule to solve variable separable D.E

𝑑𝑦
Consider the equation = 𝑋𝑌, where X is a function of x only and Y is a function
𝑑𝑥
of y only.
𝑑𝑦
1. Given differential equation is = 𝑋𝑌.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑌
= 𝑋𝑑𝑥 i.e., variables have been separated.
𝑑𝑦
3. Integrating both sides, ‫𝑌 ׬‬ = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑋 ׬‬+ 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant, is
the required solution.
Notes

a) Never forget to add an arbitrary constant on one side only. A solution without
this constant is wrong, for it is the general solution.
b) The nature of the arbitrary constant depends upon the nature of the problem.
c) A constant is, after all, a constant, in whatever form it may be taken.
d) The solution of a differential equation must be put in a form as simple as
possible.
Notes (cont.)
Exercises – Board Problems

1. Obtain the particular solution satisfying the initial conditions indicated.

a) y’ = x exp (y – x2); when x = 0 and y = 0
b) xyy’ = 1 + y2; when x = 2, y = 3
c) v(dv/dx) = g; when x = x0, v = v0
Exercises – Board Problems

1. Obtain the general solution.

a) x2 dx + y (x – 1) dy = 0
b) (xy + x) dx = (x2y2 + x2 + y2 + 1) dy
c) x cos2 y dx + tan y dy = 0
d) xy3 dx + (y + 1) e-x dy = 0
e) y ln x ln y dx + dy = 0
f) tan2 y dy = sin3 x dx
In-class activity 03 (Long bond or yellow pad)

Solve the following differential equations.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.

1. (y2 – 6y + 13) dx – dy = 0
2. (y + 1) y’ = x2y – y; y(3) = -1
3. sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)
4. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦+𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑦
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
+
1−𝑥 2
=0

𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 − 𝑦

3. 𝑦 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑠
4. + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑠
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
1. 𝑑𝑥
+
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
=0
𝑑𝑦
2. 1+ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

3. 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
4. If = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 and it is given that for x = 1, y = 1; find y when x = 1.
𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
“Have I not commanded you? Be strong
and courageous. Do not be frightened,
and do not be dismayed, for
the LORD your God is with you wherever
you go.”
Joshua 1:9 ESV
Method of transformation of variables

HOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Equations of the type = 𝑓 are called homogenous differential equations. For
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
example:

NOTE: A first order ordinary homogenous differential equation on this lecture is

different from the definition found in Lecture 1.
Conversion of homogenous D.E to variable separable D.E

A homogenous equation can be converted to a variable separable equation using a

transformation of variables.
Steps to be executed:
𝑦
1. Let 𝑣 = , where 𝑣 will be the new dependent variable, while 𝑥 is still the
𝑥
independent variable.
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
2. From 𝑣 = , 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥. Differentiating will lead to: =𝑣+𝑥 .
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑣
3. From = 𝑓( ), thus 𝑣 + 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑣 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cont.

Separating the variables will arrive to:

𝑑𝑣
𝑥 =𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥
thus,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
න =න +𝐶
𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥
𝑦
after integration, return the original variables with the substitution 𝑣 = .
𝑥
Board Problems

Solve the following by using the method of transformation of variables.

1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

3. 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
4. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(l𝑛 𝑦 − l𝑛 𝑥 + 1)
Take Home Problems (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+𝑦)
2. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
3. 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
4. 1 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦 1−
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 0
Take Home Problem (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 +𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +3𝑦 2
3. 𝑑𝑥
+ 2 2
3𝑥 +𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑦
4. 2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 =0
Take Home Problem (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.

𝑦 𝑦
1. 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

3. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
4. 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1
Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors

Exact Differential Equation – Working Rule

1. If for an equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 [where M and N are functions
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
of x and y] and = , it is exact!
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

2. Then the solution is‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝑐 = 𝑦𝑑 𝒙 𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒏𝒐𝒄 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝑵 𝒏𝒊 𝒔𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒕 ׬‬.
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Board Problems

Solve the general solution for the following equation by testing if the given D.E is
exact.
1. 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
2. 𝑦 1+
𝑥
+ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
3. 1 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦 1−
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑎 sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑎 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎2 (𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥)
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2