Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Wilmar I. Puerto
Fire Technology
And
Arson Investigation
1. The known earliest use of fire to mankind
was for –
A.shaping of weapons and tools
B.changing clay to pottery
C.keeping them warm and furnish light
D.cooking their food
Answer
C
2. In the process of combustion, for instance,
burning a wood or paper, what is being
burned?
A. The wood or paper on flame
B. The pyrolitic product
C. The vapor emitted from the burning
item
D. The fuel
Answer
C
FIRE is the rapid oxidation of a substance often with the
evolution of heat and light in varying degrees of
intensities.
Often a misconception is fire burns
the actual chair or piece of wood. It
is the GASSES given off by an object
that burns. HEAT causes objects to
give off these flammable gasses.
When the gasses reach their
IGNITION TEMPERATURE you see the
light given off during the oxidation
known as FIRE. Fire itself generates
more heat to the object and thus an
endless cycle begins until all of the
gasses have been exhausted from
an object. Then the remaining
particles or ash are what is left.
3. Ignition temperature is also the same as –
A. Heat
B. Fire Point
C. Flash point
D. Heat stroke
Answer
B
4. In general terms, what is the heat and
light that comes from the combustion of
substances?
A. Fire
B. Flame
C. Heat
D. Temperature
Answer
A
5. The combustion process is also the
burning process know as –
A. Controlled Fire
B. Free Radicals
C. Pyrolysis
D. Vaporization
Answer
C
1. Fire Triangle Theory
3. Heat (Temperature)-
When heat comes in contact with a fuel, the
energy supports the combustion process.
FUEL
1. Chemical Energy
2. Electrical Energy
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Mechanical Energy
5. Heat
6. Lights
1. Chemical Energy:
Examples:
a.) heat generated from a burning match
b.) self- heating (spontaneous heating)
2. Electrical Energy:
An energy developed when electrons flow
through a conductor.
It can generate temperatures high enough
to ignite any combustible materials near
the heated gases.
Factors involving Electrical Heating:
a.) current flow through a resistance
b.) arcing
c.) sparking
d.) static
e.) lightning
3. Nuclear Energy:
An energy generated when atoms either
split apart (fission) or combine (fusion).
Nuclear power plants generate power as a
result of the fission of Uranium-235.
Examples:
a.) fission heats water to drive steam turbines
and produce electricity
b.) the solar energy is a product of a fusion
reaction(a form of nuclear energy).
4. Mechanical Energy:
An energy created by friction and
compression.
6. Light
A visible radiation created at the
atomic level such as flame produced
during combustion.
7. The fire triangle represent the glowing
mode of fire while the fire tetrahedron
represent the ___ of fire.
A. Charring Mode
B. Flaming Mode
C. Pyrolysis
D. Thermal decomposition
Answer
B
8. How much percent of oxygen is
needed to sustain combustion?
A. Approximately 16%
B. Must be more than 21%
C. At least 10%
D. Must not be less than 21%
Answer
A
Fire Triangle – represent the
GLOWING MODE of fire.
Answer
B
Input Heat
Fuel
Oxygen
Proportioning
Mixing
Ignition continuity
10. What is also known as Pyrolysis?
A. Thermal decomposition of matter
B. The Burning Process
C. The Combustion Process
D. All of these
Answer
D
FUEL is heated until its
temperature reaches its FIRE
POINT
decomposition takes place –
moisture in the fuel is
converted to vapor,
decomposition produces
combustible vapors that rise
to the surface of the fuel
(free radicals)
FREE RADICALS undergo
combustion.
1. Fire Gases
2. Flame
3. Heat
4. Smoke
1. Fire gases- chemical composition
of the fuel, percent of oxygen present,
and the temperature of the fire.
Records of fatal fires show that more
people died from inhaling these super-
heated and toxic fire gases than from
any other cause.
Types of Poisonous Gases:
1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)- a fire gas formed
during fires involving organic material
containing sulfur, such as:
Rubber, hair, wood, meat and hides. It is
colorless, highly toxic gas with strong odor
of rotten eggs. Exposure for even a short
time is dangerous. It will ignite at 500
degrees F (260 degrees C).
2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)- a toxic fire
gases found in oxygen-starve fires
involving nitrogen- containing materials
such as:
Answer
B
Specific Gravity – the ratio of the weight
of a solid or liquid substance to the
weight of an equal volume of water.
Vapor density – the weight of a volume
of pure gas composed to the volume of
dry air at the same temperature and
pressure.
Vapor Pressure – the force exerted by
the molecules on the surface of a liquid.
Temperature – the measure of the
degree of thermal agitation of
molecules.
Boiling Point – the constant temperature at
which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal
to the atmospheric pressure.
Ignition/Kindling temperature – the minimum
temperature at which the substance must be
heated in order to initiate combustion.
Fire point – the lowest temperature of a liquid
in an open container at which vapors are
evolved fast enough to support combustion.
Flash point – the temperature at which a
material is not hot enough to keep burning,
but still gives off enough vapours to cause a
flame to “flash” across the surface.
13. What do we call, in the study of fires,
changes whereby heat is absorbed
before a reaction takes place?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Oxidation
D. Flame
Answer
A
Endothermic Reactions – changes
whereby energy (heat) is absorbed
or is added before the reaction
takes place.
Answer
D
Fire gases - chemical composition of the
fuel, percent of oxygen present, and the
temperature of the fire.
Answer
C
16. The best reason why a luminous flame is
colored orange-red is due to ______.
A. incomplete combustion of matter
B. the chemical component of the
burning material
C. carbon monoxide
D. slow input of oxygen
Answer
A
Incipient Phase - beginning stage
of fire.
Answer
B
Class A Fuels – they are ordinary combustible materials that
are usually made of organic substances such as wood and
wood-based products. It includes some synthetic or inorganic
materials like rubber, leather, and plastic products.
Answer
A
Biomass – organic matters like wood,
garbage and animal manure that can
be use to produce energy.
Fabrics and Textiles – A fiber is a very
fine thin strand or thread like object.
Fabrics are twisted or woven fibers.
And textiles are machine woven or
knitted fabric.
Plastics – are included as ordinary
fuels except those materials of or
containing cellulose nitrate
(pyroxylin).
Coal – a black, combustible, mineral solid
resulting from the partial decomposition of
matter under varying degrees of
temperature. They are used as fuels in the
production of coal gas, water gas, and
many coal compounds. They are also used
to heat buildings and to provide energy for
industrial machinery.
Peat – It is partially decayed plant matter
found in swamps called bags and used as
a fuel chiefly in areas where coal and oil
are scarce.
A. Bulky B. Finely Divided C. Dust
1. Coal 1. Plastic 1. Saw dust
2. Wood 2. Paper 2. Sugar
3. Wax 3. Cork 3. Grain
4. Grease 4. Leather 4. others
In terms of flammability, solid fuels are:
Pyrolyzable solid fuels – include many of the ordinary accepted combustibles: wood,
paper and so on. The vapors released by their chemical decomposition support flaming
combustion. This exemplifies a gas-to-gas reaction: the vapors released mixed with
oxygen in the air to produce a flame.
Non-pyrolyzable solid fuels – solid fuels that are difficult to ignite. A common example
is charcoal. Chemical decomposition does not occur because there are no pyrolyzable
elements present. No vapors are released. The glowing combustion that results is an
example of a gas-to-solid reaction.
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Solids
› Have definite volume and shape.
› In order for combustion to occur, it must
reach ignition temperature for the solid to
liquefy and then vaporize into the
gaseous state.
› During oxidation, it is the gaseous form
that is capable of combining with
oxygen.
Liquids
› Assumes the shape of its container and may
diffuse.
› It has a definite volume and may be
compressed slightly.
› Like a solid, in order for combustion to occur,
sufficient heat must be present to vaporize it
into the gaseous state.
A. Flammable Liquids- these are liquids with a
flashpoint below 100 degrees F and a vapor
pressure not over 40 psia at 100°F. They are
called as Class I liquids.
Answer
C
Flash Point of a Liquid. Refers to the lowest
temperature a liquid at which sufficient vapor is
given off to form an ignitable mixture with air, near
the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used,
as determined by appropriate laboratory test such
as 79°C in accordance with the Standard
Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed
Tester, ASTM D 56-61.
Gasoline
Alcohol
Lacquer
Cod liver oil
Kerosene
Paint
Olive oil
Varnish
Turpentine
22. What kind of fuel has no definite
shape or volume?
A. Liquid
B. Gas
C. Solid
D. All of the above
Answer
B
Gases
› Have no definite shape or volume and assumes
the shape and volume of its container.
› A gas will spread and eventually equalize its
distribution throughout a fixed room or container.
› Combustion in this state needs no heating and
only requires the proper mixture of oxygen and an
ignition source.
Natural gas
Propane
Butane
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide
In order for a fire to occur, a rapid oxidation
produces heat.
23. Air has approximately __ % of oxygen,
which is also the needed amount to
begin reacting with fuel.
A. 28
B. 16
C. 81
D. 21
Answer
D
IN AIR
› The air we breathe contains approximately 21% oxygen.
This is normally considered an ample amount of oxygen to
begin reacting with the fuel.
› If the level of oxygen source drops below 16%, the burning
process slows and may self extinguish or smolder.
This is called an oxygen controlled or ventilation limited fire
and is dependent upon finding another source of oxygen.
› If a fuel is present in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, the
reaction will become more vigorous and the combustion
process will be accelerated.
This enriched environment may be as simple as a person
blowing on a fire to an area where medical oxygen is
present.
Flammable Limits
› Mixtures of flammable gases or vapors with air will
combust only when they are within particular
ranges of concentration.
› The ratio of the gas or vapor to air is called its
flammable or explosive limit.
› Flammable limits are divided into 3 areas;
lower flammable limit,
upper flammable limit and
ideal or stoichiometric.
› If there is more air than gas or vapor then it is
considered being in the lower flammable limit
or sometimes called fuel controlled.
› When there is more gas or vapor than air, then it
is considered as being in the upper flammable
limit or sometimes called air controlled.
› The ideal area is where the fuel (vapor or gas) is
in balance with the air.
It is rare to see this occur in most fires except in
certain types of gas fires.
› Increases in temperature and pressure will
reduce the lower limit and increase the upper
limit making the ideal area broader.
100% by volume 0% by volume
Explosion occurs as
soon as ignition is
applied
Lower explosion limit (LEL)
No explosion
due to too litle gas “Fuel Controlled”
(Mixture too weak)
Answer
B
Dangerous Behavior of Fire
Backdraft – it is the sudden and rapid
(violent) burning of heated gases in a
confined area that occurs in the form of
explosion. This may occur because of
improper ventilation. If a room is not
properly ventilated, highly flammable
vapors maybe accumulated such that
when a door or window is suddenly
opened, the room violently sucks the
oxygen from the outside and
simultaneously, a sudden combustion
occur, which may happen as an
explosion (combustion explosion).
Dangerous Behavior of Fire
1. Natural Fire
2. Accidental Fire
3. Intentional
4. Unknown fire
Natural (Innocent fire) – fire cause
naturally without human intervention;
Answer
A
°C °F Description
°C to °F
Multiply by 9, then divide by 5,
then add 32
Heat Sources
› Heat is needed to start the chemical
reaction.
› Heat source can be provided by a wide
variety of means.
› Some heat sources are designed and
intended to produce heat, such a stove
or a heater.
› Some sources of heat for ignition may
result from a malfunction, such as an
overheated motor or electrical arcing.
26. When the heat source which provided a
destructive fire is from cooking appliances
that involves combustible cooking media
such as vegetable or animal oil, the class of
fire is considered as _________.
A. Class K fire
B. Class D fire
C. Class B fire
D. No Class
Answer
A
Heat Sources
› Chemical – Produced as the result of rapid oxidation.
› Mechanical – Produced by rubbing objects together,
friction.
› Electrical – Produced from over current, arcing, shorting
or other electrical malfunctions.
Answer
C
1. - the transmission of heat
through an object/conductor.
2. - the transmission through the
discharge and spread of heat from a heated or
burning source.
3 - the transmission of heat by
the moving currents of liquid or gas.
4. - fire spreads along or
through a burning material by flame contact.
28. In the study of the fire tetrahedron,
which is called the 4th element of fire?
A. Pyrolysis
B. Combustion process
C. The Chain reaction
D. Thermal decomposition of matter
Answer
C
› As fuel is heated, pyrolysis, a chemical decomposition
of matter, occurs in the material.
› This action may take place in the absence of oxygen
and vapors released may include both combustible and
non-combustible gases.
› Once oxygen begins mixing with these gases they form
other chemical mixtures.
These gases will only burn when the fuel to air ratio is
within certain limits.
This is a critical time in the fire process in that the
resultant gases must be within these limits in order to
continue.
› As the process continues, the heat produced will
continue to heat the fuel, producing more vapors.
› These vapors again chemically break down into
smaller particles to mix with the oxygen, then burn,
and produce heat that continues to heat the fuel
and so on.
› This cycle will continue until all the available fuel
and/or oxidant has been consumed or until the
flame has been extinguished.
FUEL
PYROLYSIS
Heat input Oxidations
Stops
1
AIR 3
Critical
Time
LIFE CYCLE OF FIRE
Ignition
Proper Proportioning 4 Continuity
Mixing
Factors Affecting
the Burning Process
29. What is called the total quantity of
combustible contents of a building, space,
or fire area including interior finish which
can totally affect the combustion process?
A. Fuel load
B. Fire origin
C. Humidity
D. Physical characteristic
Answer
A
Intensity of Fire
Vs
Magnitude of Fire
Intensity of Fire- means simply “how hot
the fire is burning”.
1. Type of fuel
2. Percentage of oxygen present
Magnitude of Fire
Answer
C
32. During the stages of fire, the rate of fire
spread is determined by the heat release
rate of a burning fuel. This statement is __.
A. Correct
B. Incorrect
C. Sometimes correct
D. Sometimes incorrect
Answer
A
Heat release rate
During the early stages of a fire, the
rate of fire spread is determined by
the heat release rate of a burning
fuel.
(An example could best be illustrated by
burning wood shavings and a block of
wood of the same weight)
The wood shavings would ignite and burn
much faster than the wooden block.
Item Approx. Power Usage/Peak Heat Release Rate
Burning cigarette 5W
Standard “A” Light Bulbs 15 to 200 W
Burning match 80 W
Coffee maker, hair dryer, toaster 500 to 1500 W or
0.5 to 1.5 kW
Burning Coffee Maker 40 kW
Small Trash Can, Trash Bag Fires 50 to 300 kW
Burning Upholstered Chair 80 kW to 2.5 MW
Burning Upholstered Sofa 3,000 kW or 3 MW
Burning Christmas Tree 1.6 MW to 5.2 MW
210s 0 kW 300s 5 kW 360s 10 kW
Answer
C
35. There are three primary effects that
structure geometry will have on fire,
except?
A. Ventilation
B. Fuel Load
C. Ability to retain heat
D. Humidity
Answer
D
Structure geometry
› Once the fire has started in a
compartment, such as a room or
building, the fire’s development will be
determined by compartment’s
configuration and construction.
› There are three primary effects that
this will have on the fire;
ventilation,
ability to retain heat,
and the additional fuel load of the
compartment.
Human factors
› Every person has unique daily living habits that
are a product of their environment, heritage and
personal preferences.
Examples are housekeeping, choice and
arrangement of furnishings, and the interior
environmental conditions.
Even if there were two identical structures, the
building habitants would have different furnishings
in different places, and different configurations of
doors and windows, and many other differences
that effect the progress of a fire.
› In addition, humans will react
differently to a fire.
Once the fire becomes observable,
people will do things that impact the fire
development.
Changing ventilation
Leaving a door open when leaving
Breaking a window
Spreading the Fire
Moving the fire source
Attempts to control the fire
PART TWO
2. Fire Suppression
a. Fire Fighting and Control
b. Fire Investigation
3. Emergency Medical and Rescue
Services
a. Medical and Dental Services
b. Search and Rescue Services
4. Special Programs / Projects
a. Fire Safety Education Drive
b. Kiddie / Junior Fire Marshal
c. Other Operations
Fire Chief
Chief
Directorial
Staff
DIRECTORIAL STAFFS
Directorate for Directorate for
Directorate for Directorate for Directorate for Directorate for
Plans and Fire Safety and
Administration Comptrollership Logistics Operations
Standards Dev’t Prevention
Human Fire
Financial Plans & Logistics Fire
Resource Intelligence &
Manageme Programs Suppression &
Management nt Investigation Division
Div Operations Div
Div Div
Div
Human Health &
Cash Fire Science Fire Safety Supply
Resource Emergency
Manageme & Standards Enforcement Manageme
nt nt Management
Development Dev’t Div Div
Div Div
Div Div
Special
Operation
Div
The fire safety plan is a very
important part of the overall fire and life
safety program within the building.
Its purpose is to prevent potential
injuries and deaths and to protect your
residential and/or company from damage
or loss due to fire.
Fires should be investigated to determine
the cause of the fire in order to prevent
similar occurrences. The determination of
the origin and cause of fire is arrived at only
after a thorough investigation. Since basic
investigation is prelude to the discovery of
the true cause of the fire, an understanding
of the chemistry of fire and its attendant
behavior should be a concern for successful
investigation.
Fire destroys evidence
If it is Arson, it is planned, motivated and
committed discreetly.
Rarely can there be an eyewitness in
Arson cases.
36. What are called the “eyes and ears”
of fire investigators in the case of arson?
A. Witness
B. Complainant
C. Firemen
D. Fire setter
Answer
C
FIRE INVESTIGATION
The totality of the process involving the
determination of whether or not a fire
occurrence is accidental, incendiary or
caused by natural causes.
ARSON INVESTIGATION
The art of probing and analyzing an
incendiary/intentional fires which is
intended to identify, locate, and
ultimately prosecute the perpetrator.
37. Which of the following law punishes
the crime of arson?
A. PD 1613
B. PD 1744
C. Revised Penal Code
D. All of the Above
Answer
D
Previously, arson was defined and penalized under nine
different articles of the Revised Penal Code:
Article 320 (destructive arson)
Article 321 (other forms of arson)
Article 322 (cases of arson not included in the preceding
articles)
Article 323 (arson of property of small value)
Article 324 (crimes involving destruction)
Article 325 (burning one’s own property to commit arson)
Article 326 (setting fire to property exclusively owned by
the offender
Article 326-a (in cases where death resulted as a
consequence of arson)
Article 326-b (prima facie evidence of arson).
On March 7, 1979, citing certain
inadequacies that impede the
successful enforcement and prosecution
of arsonists, then President Ferdinand E.
Marcos issued Presidential Decree (P.D)
No. 1613.
Answer
A
Factors involved to be established to
complete a Fire Investigation:
Answer
B
40. A type of pyromaniac who set a
building on fire then pretend he
discovers it?
A. Abnormal youth
B. Drug addict
C. Hero type
D. Sexual pervert
Answer
C
41. Which of the following is synonymous
with intentional fire or arson?
A. Simultaneous fire
B. Pyromanianism
C. Dragon fire
D. Incendiary fire
Answer
D
Is a crime against property.
Answer
B
MOTIVES FOR ARSON
Repealing PD 1185
carefully collect debris from various portions wherein the fire originated,
segregate and place in a sealed container with corresponding labels and
initials, and take pictures of the same;
gather possible physical evidence which could have been used if there is
an indication of arson and have it properly documented;
interview person/s who could give vital information relative to the fire and
invite possible witnesses including the owner/occupants of the
burned/affected structure or building.
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43. Which of the following tale tell signs
indicates the material used by the
arsonist?
A. Type of building under fire
B. Color of smoke
C. Wind direction
D. Smoke marks
Answer
B
44. By observation, the fireman noticed
black smokes and reddish flame coming
out of the windows of the burning building.
This indicates that the burning material
would be -
A. Petroleum or rubber products
B. Magnesium products
C. Nitrogen products
D. Potassium products
Answer
A
A. Legal owner of the burned property and estimated
damages
B. Nature of business if commercial and its present
financial ventures to include insurance coverage
C. Legitimacy of Operation
D. Motives
E. Identity of the perpetrator/s
Answer
A
The Fire Chief through the
recommendation of the CIID shall
issue Fire Certificate to an aggregate
damage of P 50M and above or under
any circumstances that there are
casualties (killed) in a particular fire
incident.
BASIC FIRE FIGHTING
AND FIRE EXTINGUISMENT
47. Why is water prohibited to quench Class
D fires?
A. Burning metals are too hot
B. Water is not capable of extinguishing
fires
C. There is danger of electrocution
D. Class D fires react violently with water
Answer
D
48. Heat can be extinguished by means
of __ method.
A. Cooling
B. Smothering
C. Fuel removal
D. Chemical inhibition
Answer
A
1. Water
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Dry Chemical
4. Dry Powder
5. AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam)
6. Halons
49. The use of a fire track is considered a
fire extinguisher.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially true
D. Partially false
Answer
B
50. Which of the following is not one
among the types of chemicals used in a
portable fire extinguisher.
A. Compressed gas
B. Halon
C. Dry Chemical
D. Dry Powder
Answer
A
1st phase Fire Scene Investigation
Fire Suppression
Overhaul
Salvage
Use of Tools
Methods
And
Assessment
Sample:
Alligatory pattern
Deep of Charring
Spalling
Clean Burn
Rate of Charring
Smoke and Soot
From above or below, can be caused by
radiant heat, direct flame impingement, or
localized smoldering with or without the
effects of ventilation.
Sample:
U&V Pattern
Inverted U&V Pattern
Arrow Pattern
Pointer
Typically when wood or other
combustible surfaces burn they lose
material and mass. The shapes and
quantities of remaining combustibles can
themselves produce lines of
demarcation and ultimately, fire patterns
to be analyzed by the investigator.
FIRE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
NOTES
Observation
Analysis
Fire Pattern
Analysis
Technology
Utilization
ORIGIN
DETERMINATION
3rd Phase Search, Recognize, Collect/Preserve Evidence
2 witness requirements
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS
I. Preparation
A. Team Briefing
1. Materials requirement
of involved members
2. Discussed search
pattern use:
strip
double strip
wheel
spiral
zone
I. Preparation
A. Team Briefing
3. Assignment / role of
individual team
members.
5. Organize communication
with services auxiliary.
6. Coordination with other
agencies.
II. Initiates Preliminary
Survey
a. Accomplished a
cautious walk through
the scene.
b. Acquire preliminary
photograph.
h. Concentrate on most
transient evidence and
work to the least
transient form of
physical evidence.
II. Initiates Preliminary
Survey
i. Focus first on the easily
accessible areas in open
view and progress
eventually to possible
outer view locations, look
for a purposively hidden
items.
j. Consider whether the
evidence appears to have
been moved inadvertently.
II. Initiates Preliminary
Survey
k. Evaluate whether or not
the scene and evidence
appears unintentionally
contrived.
l. Two basic search
approaches:
1. "Cautious" search of visible
areas, taking steps to avoid
evidence loss or contamination.
2. After the "cautious“ search, a
vigorous search for hidden
concealed areas.
III. Depict Scene
Photographically
a. Begin photography as
soon as possible.
b. Document the
photographic effort with a
photographic logbook.
g. Be observant on
photographs areas
adjacent to the crime
scene – points of entry,
exits, windows.
h. Photograph items,
places, etc to collaborate
the statement of
witnesses, victims, and
suspects.
III. Depict Scene
Photographically
i. Prepare photographic
sketch and photo
logbook.
j. Do not hesitate to
photograph something
which has no apparent
significance at that time,
it may later prove to be a
key element in the
investigation.
IV. Prepare Sketch of the
Scene
The diagram establishes
permanent record of items
condition and distance/ size
relationship - diagram
photographs.
IV. Prepare Sketch of the
Scene
a. Typical Materials on rough
sketch (not drawn to
scale)
Case Identifier
Location
Date/Time
Scale or Scale Disclaims
Compass Orientation
Measurements
Key of Legends
Sketch Preparer
IV. Prepare Sketch of the Scene
b. General Progression of
Sketches
Layout basic perimeter
Set forth fixed objects,
furniture, etc.
Insert evidence as it is
recovered
Record appropriate
measurements
Set forth key/ Legends
compass orientation
Others
IV. Prepare Sketch of the Scene
c. Number designation on
sketch should be
coordinated with same
number designation on
evidence log.
a. Collect evidence in
accordance with standard
practice.
Collect data
Develop a hypothesis
Develop a hypothesis
In this case, a proper
origin and cause investigation
Test the hypothesis
(deductive reasoning) should be conducted.
Select final hypothesis
(determine cause)
b. Define the Problem
Recognize the need
(identify the problem) This is done by an
examination of the scene and
Define the problem
by a combination of other
Collect data data collection methods, such
Analyze the data
as the review of previously
(inductive reasoning) conducted investigations of
Develop a hypothesis
the incident, the interviewing
of witnesses or other
Test the hypothesis
(deductive reasoning) knowledgeable persons, and
the results of scientific
Select final hypothesis
(determine cause) testing.
Recognize the need
c. Collect Data
(identify the problem)
Subjective or speculative
(identify the problem)
Collect data
Develop a hypothesis
2. Fire Pattern
3. Crazing of Glass
4. Alligatoring
5. Line of Demarcation
6. Spalling
Substance Form
Aluminum Shavings
Animal Matter Hides, Skin, Manure
Bronze Shavings, filings
Magnesium Shavings, filings
Miscellaneous Sawdust, coal, flour
Steel Shavings, filings
Vegetable matter Hay, grain
Vegetable oils All
Zinc Shavings, filings
51. Under the DILG or PNP Law, which
government agency is responsible for the
prevention and suppression of all
destructive fires on buildings, houses, and
other structures, forest, land transportation
vehicles, aircraft, sea transportation and
equipment.
A. Bureau of Jail and Management
B. Local Government
C. Bureau of Fir Protection and Public Safety
D. Fire Department
Answer
C
52. What important point to be
established to determine the location or
place in the building the fire started?
A. The most damaged part of the
building
B. The exterior part of the building
C. The interior and the badly damaged
part of the building
D. The point of origin of the fire
Answer
D
53. It is the uncontrollable impulse of a
person to burn anything.
A. Reaction
B. Pyromania
C. Body spasm
D. Pyromaniac
Answer
B
54. In a fire situation, or burning building,
an important factor in determining the
use of incendiary fire and a good
indication of the intensity of the fire is _.
A. Color of smoke
B. The heat
C. Type of fuel
D. Color of flame
Answer
B
55. The activity of protecting the properties
from preventable damage other than the
fire. The steps are a) remove the material
outside the burning area, and b) protecting
or cover the materials by using tarpaulins
(cotton canvass treated with water
proofing) is called __.
A. Fire fighting
B. Extinguishment
C. Salvage
D. Overhauling
Answer
C
“A person who can recognize his own
weakness is a person knows also how to
improve himself.”
-Wilms Port
Thank You
&
God Bless