Lesson - 1

Networking
 Networks
and
Internetworks
 What is a Network?

A network is a collection of computers, printers, routers, switches,

and other devices that are able to communicate with each other
over some transmission media.
 What is an Internetwork?
• An Internetwork is a collection of independent remote
networks, LANs and WANs, and their connecting devices. They
function together as one large network sharing connectivity
resources.
Network Challenges

• Connectivity

• Reliability

• Network management

• Flexibility
Connectivity
 Reliability

• Increased bandwidth

• Bandwidth on demand

• Low delays

• Data, voice, and video capabilities on the same media

 Network Management

• Management challenges include providing centralized

support for the network users as well as configuration,
security, performance and troubleshooting
 Flexibility

• Designing and configuring a network with flexibility in mind is

key for issues of network expansion and adoption of new
devices or services
Stand alone and Networked environment
Stand-alone environment
 A simple network
Computers
Printer

Cable
Sharing a printer in a stand-alone
environment
Sharing a printer in a networking
environment
 Lesson - 2

The Two Major Types of Networks

Network Requirements
 Basic Network Requirement
• Server

• Client

• Media

• Resource

• Users

• Protocol
 Common network elements

Printer
Server Clients (shared peripherals)

Data
Typical peer-to-peer and server-
based networks

Peer-to-peer

Server-based
Peer-to-peer network computers act as
both clients and servers

Client/Server

Peer-to-peer
 Server-based network
Clients

Server

Server-based
 Specialized servers

Directory
services
server

File and
Mail print server
Application
server
server
Combination networks have dedicated
servers and computers
Windows 95

Windows Windows NT
for Workstation
Workgroups

Windows
NT Server
 Lesson - 3

Network Design
 Bus Topology Network

• a single cable connects each workstation in a linear, daisy-

chained fashion.

• signals are broadcasted to all stations, but stations only act

on the frames addressed to them
Data is sent to all computers, but
only the destination computer
accepts
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 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Bus Topology
• Reliable in verysmall network.
• Easy to setup.
• Easy to extend the network with the help of repeaters.
• Easy to connect the segments with a barrel connector.

• Heavy network traffic will slow down the network.

• Each barrel connector weakens the signal.
• It is difficult to trouble shoot.
• Termination is required on both the end systems.
• Any break in the cable brings the entire network down
Connectors can be used to
combine cable segments
BNC Barrel Connector
Repeaters connect cables and
amplify the signal
Weakened signal Repeater

Regenerated signal
 An unplugged cable is not
terminated and will take down
the network
terminators absorb free signals

Terminator
 Simple star network

Hub

In a star topology, each station is connected to a central hub or concentrator

that functions as a multi-port repeater. Each station broadcasts to all of the
devices connected to the hub.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Star
Topology
• It easy to modify and add more computers in the network.
• Easy to trouble shoot.
• Single computer failure do not effect the network.
• Other cable types can be used in the same network.

• If the central hub fail the network is down.

• Most of the star network require a central device to rebroadcast or
switch the network traffic.
• Network cabling is more .
A break or unplugged cable takes down
the only unplugged computer
A hub is the central point in a star
topology

Hub

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Simple ring network showing logical
ring
A computer grabs the token and passes
it around the ring

Data
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Data
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
RingTopology

• No computers can monopolize the network because every computer is

givne equal access.
• The network traffic is in a single direction.

• If one computer fails the entire network is down.

• It is difficult to troubleshoot and also adding or removing the
computers distrupts the network.
 Lesson - 4

Network Cabling - The Physical Media

 Network Cabling
Networks use four types of cables:

• Coaxial

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

• Fiber Optic
Coaxial cable showing various
layers
Outer shield

Insulation (PVC, Teflon)

Conducting core
Copper wire mesh or
aluminum sleeve
 Coaxial Cable Types

• 50 ohm, RG – 8 and RG – 11 used for Thicknet.

• 50 ohm, RG – 58 used for Thinnet.

• 75 ohm, RG – 59 used for Cable TV.

The Ethernet LAN protocol was originally developed to operate over coaxial
cables.

10Base5 / Thicknet cable:

Is an RG/U-8 coaxial cable.

Was the original Ethernet cable.
Is no longer in use in modern LANs.

10Base2 / Thinnet cable:

Is an RG/U-58 coaxial cable.

Has a smaller diameter than Thicknet.
Replaced Thicknet.
Is no longer recommended, but is still used in some very small LANs
RG-58 coaxial showing stranded
wire and the solid copper cores

Solid copper
(RG-58 /U)

Stranded wire
(RG-58 A/U)
Thicknet cable has a thicker core
than thinnet

Thicknet

Thinnet
Attenuation causes signals to
deteriorate
Close-up view of thinnet cable showing
where it connects to a computer
BNC cable connector

BNC cable connector

BNC T connector
BNC T connector
BNC barrel connector

BNC barrel connector

 BNC terminator

Ground lead
BNC terminator
Unshielded twisted-pair and
shielded
twisted-pair cables
UTP cable
Category in UTP Cable
Crosstalk occurs when signals from one
line mix into another line
STP cable
RJ-45 connector and jack
 Fiber-optic cable
Optical fiber (core) Glass cladding

Protective outer sheath

Fiber-optic connector
(jacket)
 Fiber Optic Cable

• Fiber Optic cables are the latest development in cabling technology.

• They are constructed from optical glass. There is a central glass

filament, called the core, and surrounding layers of cladding, buffer
coatings, strengthening materials, and an outer jacket.

Fiber optic cables offer several advantages including:

• high bandwidth capacity (many gigabits per second).

• longer distances between devices (from 2 to over 60 kilometers).

• immunity to electromagnetic interferences

Baseband transmission showing
bidirectional
digital wave
Broadband transmission showing
unidirectional analog wave
 Lesson - 5

How Networks Send Data

Large continuous streams of data slow
down the network
Breaking data in packets
Data
 Packet components

Header Data Trailer

 The complete packet
Data

Application Header

Presentation Header

Session Header

Transport Header

Network Header Data Link Trailer (CRC)

Data Link Header

Frame Preamble

Packe
t
Packet
Data creation process
Data
 Creating packets
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Destination Address
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Control
Information Source Address
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Examining the receiver’s address

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Destination Address Source Address

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Network adapter card accepts packets
addressed to the print server
Destination Address
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02608c428197 Source Address

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Reassembled packets sent to the
printer
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 Lesson - 6

Wireless Network Communications

 Wireless Transmission

• Radio

• Infrared

• Microwave
Radio Communication
 Types of Radio Communication

• Low power, single frequency.

• High power, single frequency.

• Spread spectrum.
Wireless portable computer connecting to a
cabled network access point

Network
Infrared communication
Two type of Infrared Communication

• Point to Point

• Broadcast
Wireless portable computer using an infrared
light beam to print

Infrared
Microwave Communication
Communication Types in Microwave

• Terrestrial
Point – Point (line of sight)

• Satellite
Wireless bridge connecting two LANs
 Lesson - 7

Network Adapter Cards

Sample network adapter card
Parallel data stream converted to
a serial data stream

Serial data

16-bit
parallel data
Older network adapter card with DIP
Switches

Dip switch
Network adapter card showing external
and on-board transceivers

On-board

External
ISA, EISA, Micro Channel, and PCI
network adapter cards

ISA EISA

Micro Channel Architecture PCI

Thinnet network connection for a
coaxial BNC connector
Thicknet network connection for
a 15-pin attachment unit interface
(AUI)
RJ-45 connector
 Lesson - 8

Drivers
Communication Between the Network
Adapter card and Network software

Virtual communications

Virtual communications
 LESSON - 9

OSI /ISO LAYERS

The seven-layer OSI model
Relationships among OSI layers
Computer A Computer B
Application Application

Presentation Presentation
Virtual
Communication
Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
Logical Link Control and Media Access
Control sublayers
 Upper Layer Reponsibilities

Collectively, this group is reponsible for the following:

• Handling differences in data representation between computers

• Guarding against unauthorized access or use of data through encryption

• Managing dialogs, activities and synchronization between applications on

a network
 Classification of Applications

• Computer applications

• Network applications

• Internetwork applications
 Presentation Layer
• Data Encryption

• Data Security

• Data Compression
 Session Layer

• The Session Layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions (different from
connections) between applications as they interact on different hosts on a network.

NOTE :

• Two people agree to talk to each other.

• Agree not to interrupt or talk at the same time.

• Have conversation back and forth (talk, accept response, respond)

• End conversation cleanly.