Chemistry

CHEMICAL REACTION

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 1

Chemistry

Chemical Reaction

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 2

Chemistry

Introduction

– Chemical reactions occur when bonds between the

outermost parts of atoms are formed or broken
– Chemical reactions involve changes in matter, the
making of new materials with new properties, and
energy changes.
– Symbols represent elements, formulas describe
compounds, chemical equations describe a
chemical reaction

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 3

Chemistry

Chemical Equation

• A chemical equation illustrates the formulas

and quantities of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction.
• It is an expression that uses symbols to
describe a chemical change.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 4

Chemistry

Components of Chemical Equation

COMPONENTS DEFINITION
Reactants Substances present at the beginning of the reaction

Products The substances formed in a chemical reaction

+ If in reactant, read as “reacts with”, “combines with”
If in product, read as “and”

→ produces, yields, forms and shows the direction of the

chemical reaction
State of substances:
(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gas
(aq) Aqueous
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 5
 Chemistry

Components of Chemical Equation

COMPONENTS DEFINITION
↑ The product is gaseous and escapes
↓ Precipitate is formed
→ Reversible reaction
←
The reaction involves “heating”
Catalyst is used to undergo chemical reaction
∆H Amount of energy involved in chemical reaction

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 6

Chemistry

Things to Remember About Writing

Chemical Equation
– Don’t forget about the diatomic elements!
(BrINClHOF) For example, Oxygen is O2 as an
element. In a compound, it can’t be a diatomic
element because it’s not an element anymore, it’s a
compound!
– The Law of Conservation of Mass holds for every
chemical equation.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 7

Chemistry

Steps to Writing Reactions

Some steps for doing reactions
1. Identify the type of reaction
2. Predict the product(s) using the type of reaction
as a model
3. Balance it

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 8

Chemistry

Types of Reactions
There are five types of chemical reactions we will talk about:
1. Combination (Synthesis) reactions
2. Decomposition (Analysis) reactions
3. Single displacement (Substitution)reactions
4. Double displacement (Metathesis) reactions
5. Combustion reactions

You need to be able to identify the type of reaction and

predict the product(s)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 9

Chemistry

1. Synthesis reactions

• Synthesis reactions occur when two substances

(generally elements) combine and form a
compound. (Sometimes these are called
combination or addition reactions.)

reactant + reactant → 1product

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 10

Chemistry

1. Synthesis reactions
Basically: A + B → AB

Example:
2H2 (g)+ O2 (g)→ 2H2O (l)
C (s)+ O2(g) → CO2 (g)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 11

Chemistry

Combination Reaction

• Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide

Example:
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)
4Na (s) + O2 (g)→ 2Na2O (s)
• Non-Metal + Oxygen → Acidic Oxide/Acidic Anhydride
Example:
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 12
Chemistry

Combination Reaction

• Non-Metal Oxide + Water → Acid

Example:
SO2 (g) + H2O (l)→ H2SO3 (aq)
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2CO3 (aq)
• Metal Oxide + Water → Alkali/Base
Na2O (s) + H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq)
MgO (s) + H2O (l) → Mg(OH)2 (aq)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 13

Chemistry

Synthesis Reactions

Here is
another
example of
a synthesis
reaction

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 14

Chemistry

Practice

Predict the products. Write and balance the following

synthesis reaction equations.
• Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas
Na(s) + Cl2(g) →
• Solid Magnesium reacts with fluorine gas
Mg(s) + F2(g) →
• Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas
Al(s) + F2(g) →
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 15
Chemistry

2. Decomposition Reactions

• Decomposition reactions occur when a compound

breaks up into the elements or in a few to simpler
compounds

1 Reactant → Product + Product

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 16

Chemistry

2. Decomposition Reactions

In general: AB → A + B

Example:
2 H2O → 2H2 + O2
2 HgO → 2Hg + O2

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 17

 Chemistry

Decomposition Reactions
• Metal Oxide Metal + Oxygen gas

2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

▪ Metal Carbonates Metal Oxide + CO2

Na2CO3 (s) Na2O (s) + CO2 (g)

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 18

 Chemistry

Decomposition Reactions

• Metal Nitrates Metal Nitrites + Oxygen gas

NaNO3 (s) NaNO2 (s) + O2 (g)

▪ Metal Bicarbonates Metal Carbonate + H2O + CO2

2NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

▪ Metal Oxyhalides Metal Halide + O2 (g)

2KBrO3 (s) 2KBr (s) + 3O2 (g)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 19

Chemistry

Decomposition Reactions
• Another view of a decomposition reaction:

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 20

Chemistry

Practice
Predict the products. Then, write and balance
the following decomposition reaction
equations:
1.Solid Lead (IV) oxide decomposes
PbO2(s) →
2.Aluminum nitride decomposes
AlN(s) →

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 21

Chemistry

Practice

Identify the type of reaction for each of the following

synthesis or decomposition reactions, and write the
balanced equation:
• N2(g) + O2(g) →Nitrogen Monoxide
• BaCO3(s) →
• Co(s)+ S(s) →(make Co be +3)
• NH3(g) + H2CO3(aq) →
• NI3(s) →

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 22

Chemistry

3. Single Replacement Reactions

• Single Replacement Reactions occur when one
element replaces another in a compound.
• A metal can replace a metal (+)
OR
• Nonmetal can replace a nonmetal (-).

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 23

Chemistry

3. Single Replacement Reactions

element + compound→ product + product

A + BC → AC + B (if A is a metal)
OR
A + BC → BA + C (if A is a nonmetal)

(remember the cation always goes first!)

When H2O splits into ions, it splits into

H+ and OH- (not H+ and O-2 !!)
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 24
 Chemistry

Activity Series

• Metals
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au

arranged in decreasing activity

• Non-Metals
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 25

Chemistry

Single Replacement Reactions

• Another view:

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 26

Chemistry

Single Replacement Reactions

Write and balance the following single

replacement reaction equation:
• Zinc metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric
acid
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 + H2(g)

Note: Zinc replaces the hydrogen ion in the

reaction
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 27
Chemistry

Single Replacement Reactions

• Sodium chloride solid reacts with fluorine gas
2NaCl(s) + F2(g) → 2NaF(s) + Cl2(g)
Note that fluorine replaces chlorine in the compound

• Sodium fluoride reacts with chlorine gas

NaF(s) + Cl2(g) → (no chemical reaction)

• Aluminum metal reacts with aqueous copper (II) nitrate

Al(s)+ Cu(NO3)2(aq)→
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 28
Chemistry

4. Double Replacement Reactions

• Double Replacement Reactions occur when a metal

replaces a metal in a compound and a nonmetal replaces
a nonmetal in a compound

Compound + compound → product + product

AB + CD → AD + CB

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 29

Chemistry

Double Replacement Reactions

Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and last ions

go together + inside ions go together

Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 30

Chemistry

Practice
Predict the products and balance the following
chemical reactions
1. HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →
2. CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) →
3. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) →
4. FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
5. H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
6. KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) →

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 31

Chemistry

5. Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions occur
when a hydrocarbon reacts
with oxygen gas.
• This is also called burning!!!
In order to burn something
you need the 3 things in the
“fire triangle”:
1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen to burn it with
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 32

Chemistry

Combustion Reactions
• In general:
CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• Products in combustion are
ALWAYS carbon dioxide and
water. (although incomplete
burning does cause some by-
products like carbon monoxide)
• Combustion is used to heat homes
and run automobiles (octane, as in
gasoline, is C8H18)
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 33
Chemistry

Combustion Reactions

Edgar Allen Poe’s drooping

eyes and mouth are
potential signs of CO
poisoning.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 34

Chemistry

Combustion
• Example
• C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O

• Write the products and balance the following

combustion reaction:
• C10H22 + O2 →

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 35

Chemistry

Mixed Practice

State the type, predict the products, and

balance the following reactions:
1. BaCl2 + H2SO4 →
2. C6H12 + O2 →
3. Zn + CuSO4 →
4. Cs + Br2 →
5. FeCO3 →
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 36
Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equation

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 37

Chemistry

Because of the principle of the

conservation of matter,
an equation must be
balanced.
It must have the same number of
atoms of the same kind on both
sides.
Lavoisier, 1788
Chemistry

Balancing Equations

– When balancing a chemical reaction

you may add coefficients in front of the
compounds to balance the reaction, but
you must not change the subscripts.
– Changing the subscripts changes the
compound. Subscripts are determined
by the valence electrons (charges for
ionic or sharing for covalent)
Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.

Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equations

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.

2C2H6 NO C4H12
T
 Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not
O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 2
multiply H2O by
hydrogen hydrogen
on left on right 3
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by

7/2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen +3 =7
on left (2x2) oxygen oxygen
(3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O remove fraction
multiply both sides by
2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Chemistry

Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
12 H (2 x 12 H (6 x
4 C 6)
(2 x 42)
C
14 2)
O (7 x 14 O (4 x 2 +
2) 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
Chemistry

Example 1

Balance the chemical reaction

2 AlCl3 + H23 → HCl

3 + Al
6 2

REACTANT PRODUCT
Al 1 2 1 2
Cl 3 6 1 3 6
H 2 6 1 3 6
NOT
BALANCED
BALANCE
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 45
 Chemistry

Example 2
Balance the following chemical equation

Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)32 → Al(OH)32 + CaSO4 3

REACTANT PRODUCT
Al : 2 1 2
Ca: 1 3 1 3
S : 3x1=3 1 3
H : 32( x 1 )= 2 6 3 x2 1( = 3 ) 6
O: (3x4)+[3(2x1)] =14 18 (3x1)
[2 + 4 ] ( =x 73) 10 18

NOTBALANCED
BALANCE
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 46
Chemistry

Exercises

Balance the following chemical equation

1.C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2.P4 + O2 → P2O5
3.Ag + S8 → Ag2S
4.AlI3 + HgCl2 → AlCl3 + HgI2
5.AgNO3 + K3PO4 → Ag3PO4 + KNO3
6.KClO3 → KCl + O2
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico 47