RABIES

• VIRUS INDUCED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE OF ALL WARM

BLOODED ANIMAL
• MOST AGONIZING DEATH
• CASE FATALITY RATE ALMOST 100 %
 ABOUT VIRUS

 Lyssa virus (ssRNA virus)

 Enveloped virus
 Neurotropic
 Bullet shaped
 Glycoprotein (extends from lipid layer responsible for serum
antibody production
 Linear negative sense RNA
 10KB SIZE GENOME
 2Membrane associated protein
 matrix protein M
 3 Structural
• Nucleoproteins N
• PHOSPHO proteins P
• Polymerase L
 Readily inactivated by disinfectant uv light and heat
 7 lineages
 Belongs to mainly 5 genotype
1. lagos bat virus
2. Mokola virus
3. Duvankang virus
4. Europeon rat virus
5. Australian bat lyssa virus
 All members get adapted to particular hosts
 All members get adapted to particular hosts
 based on this 2 forms
Street virus
 fixed virus
 EPIDEMIOLOGY

 World wide except japan , Hong Kong , singapore,

Australia, Newziland,
 All ages are susceptible
 59000 deaths annually
 Susceptibility
 Foxes ,jackals ,wolfs ,rodents, -most susceptible
 Sheep, no human primates, dogs –moderate susceptible
 Birds – least susceptible
 90% rabies in India from dog bite
 There for control of rabies in dog is very important
 Cat – more resistant
 Virus can penetrate intact mucus membrane but not
intact skin
 All secretions ,saliva most
 Bats- multiplication without affecting nervous
system
 Vampire bats – symptomless carriers
 More disease in males ( humans and animals)
 No seasonal variation generally-but late summer and
autumn
 PATHOGENESIS

 Incubation period – longest (9days -19 years)

 Influenced by factors
 age of affected individual
 degree of innervation at site of bite
 distance between bite and spinal chord
 variant of virus
 amount of virus entered
 proximity to brain
Incubation period
humans – 3 weeks to 1 year
dog - 3 weeks to 24 weeks
cat - 2weeks to 24 weeks
cattle - 10 days to 12 months
Horse - 15 days to 15 months
 Entry by bite
 Directly into PNS or may be in non nervous tissue
 Neuromuscular fiber
 Neuro tendinious spindles (once here- not detected at local site nor
in blood )
 Attaches to axonal terminal
 Intra axial spread in peripheral nerves
 Both via motor and sensory fibers
 Spread in CNS –enters brain stem ipsilateral to site of initial entry
 Once reached in CNS intra axonal spread contra laterally
 Then ascends bilaterally to spinal chord – brain stem
 Damage to motor neuron – progressive motor disease – ascending
flaccid paralysis(typical )
 SYMPTOMS

 Furious form –three types of symptoms

 A)prodromal
 B)maniacal
 C)paralytic stage

 A) 2-3 days early signs – indicate start o disease before actual signs
 Wild – no fear for humans
 Dogs – restlessness , altered behavior
 Nocturnal animals seen in days
 Anxiety
 Apprehension
 Nervousness
 Friendly dogs become irritable , hide out of fear , may snap
 Pupillary dilatation with or without sluggish palpebral and corneal reflex
 Imaginary fly catching
 B)
 Wanders from house
 Aimlessly bite animals and innate object
 Change in dysphagia
 Profuse salivation
 Change in bark –harsh (paralysis of vocal chord )

 c)
 Paralysis – pronounced
 Dropped lower jaw
 Respiratory difficulty
 Staggering gait
 Walks in forelimbs and drags hind limbs
 Paralysis – hind part – upwards
 Tongue –copper colored
 Urine –glycosuria
 Furious
 Aggressive
 Photo phobia
 Pica
 Hyperesthesia
 Don’t obey owner altered facial expression
 Progressive weakness generalized seizures
 Staggering gait ,death
 DIAGNOSIS

 Clinical diagnosis difficult

 Can be confused with other diseases in early stages
definitive diagnosis require laboratory conformation
 Current test of choice – antigen antibody reaction
 Medulla oblongata and cerebellum examined
 virus isolation by mouse inoculation or tissue culture
technique
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Control
 Two cycles –urban and sylvatic
 Goal – reduction and elimination of human cases
developed countries vaccination of dogs
 At risk – prophylactic vaccination (0,7,21,28)ind .
(early prophylaxis)late prophylaxis 0 ,28,56
 Post exposure schedule essens schedule – 0,3,7 ,14,
28,90
 Sagrab schedule (0,7,21 )