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DRUGS & ALCOHOL ABUSE

PRESENTED BY:
 ABSTRACT
• The purpose of this article is to set forth an
innovative methodology protocol for culturally
grounding intervention with high risk youth in
alternative schools. This study utilised mixed
methods to evaluate original and adapted
versions of a culturally grounded substance
abuse prevention program .

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 Introduction
• Drug addiction has become a world wide problem and the
leading cause of death. The global problem of addiction
and drug abuse is responsible for millions of deaths and
millions of new cases of HIV every year. In recent years,
India is seeing a rising trend in drug addiction . The most
common use of drug in India is ‘Alcohol, cannabis and
opiates. Drug use , whether licit or illicit, causes serious
health problems in individuals . Economic burden
,disturbed family environment ,violence, and psychological
problems are other consequences of drug abuse in the
family. Adolescent drug abuse is another major area of
concern because more than half of the person’s with
substance use disorder are introduced to drug before age
of 15 years

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 OUTLINE
• WHAT IS ADDICTION
• WHAT IS DRUG
• EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
• CAUSES OF ADDICTION

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 CONTENTS
•INTRODUCTION
•WHAT IS ADDICTION
•TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
•CAUSES OF ADDICTION
•EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
•HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
•DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
•STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
•THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
•TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
•SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
•CONCLUSION
•BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of
the world. More than millions of the individual
are struggling against addiction. It takes away
the happiness of the people by avoiding them
to get what they want and many of the people
were also not able to take correct decision.
According to the recent studies it has been
found that adolescent are more vulnerable to
addiction. Addiction is that type of diseases
whose rehabilitation is very difficult. As we
know prevention is better than cure so we
can prevent our self from getting addicted
by not living under peer pressure. If we also get
addicted, we should immediately take the help of
specialist for rehab.
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 WHAT IS ADDICTION?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological dependence on a substance or

practice which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance or
a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict. Addiction is a chronic,
progressive and sometimes fatal disorder with both genetic and environmental roots.
It manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to continue to behave in a way
that is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behaviour.
It is a disease of “more”- an active addict needs an increasing amount of substance to
get high and is unable to cease usage without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true
whether the addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behaviour.
Medically, addiction is of three types : Tobacco Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug
Addiction

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 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
HEROIN

As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and

hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also spread
diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This
drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused because
it interferes with the brain’s receptors. Individuals who take heroin
always require professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of
withdrawal may be life-threatening

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2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when
taken in small amounts. It induces euphoria,
increases blood pressure, and accelerates the
heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or
heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe
consequences of using cocaine, users require
immediate professional treatment.

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3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often
smoked and suddenly creates an intense
euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack
has turned into a problem because it is cheap
and easy to buy and use. Abusing the
substance, however, can lead to immediate
addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering
heart attacks and strokes with every use.
Long-term use can cause liver, kidney, and
lung damage.
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4. Hallucinogens

PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid

diethylamide) are hallucinogens, which means that
they make users feel, see, and hear things that are not
real. While they experience hallucinations with these
drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental
states of disconnection. Withdrawing from
hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need
professional treatment in a rehab facility.
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5. Marijuana / Cannabis

Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is

abused, and many people begin using it as a
recreational drug in social situations. Continued
abuse of marijuana can lead to addiction, and the
substance can affect the physical coordination,
memory, and mental functions of users over time.
While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is not easy to
stop using it. 12
7. Alcohol

Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social problems,

and it can lead to the destruction of relationships, friendships, and
marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so much that their bodies are
unable to handle it. Sometimes this requires that they are hospitalized
for alcohol poisoning. Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or
death to the people around them while they are under the influence.
Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens, which is a
symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure or stroke. Refraining
from drinking also is not easy when it becomes a habit because of
mental and physical issues. Professional assistance is often necessary for
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abusers of alcohol.
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are :-
•Peer pressure
•Stress and depression
•Lack of education
•Religious rituals

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EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
•Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
•Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
•Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly weaker.
•Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance of
developinghepatitis, andcirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
irreversible and progressive condition
•Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle),heart failure, andstroke.
•Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it
•Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing
severalcancers, includingcancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver,
colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
•Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent
or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people. 15
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL
“Prevention is better than cure” is also true here.
Tobacco, drug/alcohol abuse are more during young
age and adolescence. The remedial measure should
be taken in time. The following measures would be
particularly useful for prevention and control of
alcohol and addiction during adolescents.
1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.
2.Education and counselling.
3.Seeking help from parents and peers.
4.Looking for Danger Signs.
5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.
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HISTORY OF ADDICTION
Beer
Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily
grind of life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq),
agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a large network of city states
started to gain prominence. With the cultivation of wheat and barley came
another product: beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy, and
the weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful organisms in the
water.
While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't particularly nice,
as the concept of sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was
consumed in bulk. Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in
the so-called cradle of civilization, and people during that time
generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease and, presumably,
drunkenness.

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Opium
Throughout the time that beer was gaining
popularity, the Indians, Assyrians and
Egyptians were cultivating and preparing
opium from the opium poppy. Indeed, the
upper classes of many civilizations would use
this to relax and pass time, although some
uses are much less benign. One Egyptian scroll
recommends using opium to soothe a crying
baby.

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Hallucinogens and Natural Highs
Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece
used a special form of mead (fermented
honey) or beer to induce visions known as
mysteries. Naturally, there is something very
mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants
containing entheogens (natural chemicals that
induce hallucinations) have been widely
cultivated throughout the world; these
include the peyote cactus, fly agaric, and
cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of drug abuse,
although it was a socially acceptable one at the
time.

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Cocaine
During the second millennium, world
tradestarted to be more prominent. Ships
started sailing from China to Europe-Marco
Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India
and China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be
major product of trade.
After that, the American continent became
ripe for development. Various conquistadors
discovered the drugs that kept the locals going,
especially cocaine, which was touted as a
wonder cure for all ailments.

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Tobacco
One of the major drugs that came out of the
New World was tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh
famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to
England, where they were controlled and
taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to
very expensive addictions, as it was a risky but
incredibly profitable voyage for those who
made it over the Atlant

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DIAGNOSIS OFADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is addicted to drug
or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the substance is still in the
blood (whether the substance has been taken recently). It is not used to diagnose
addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the patient determine
their degree of dependence by asking pertinent questions, or using a specific
questionnaire. The following questions may help determine how dependent a
patient is:

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•How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
•Do you find it hard not to smoke in places
where it is not allowed, such as in a church,
school, movie theatre, library, public transport,
hospital, etc.?
•If you had to give up, which cigarette would
you miss the most (e.g. the first one in the
morning)?
•Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first
few hours after waking up, than during the rest
of the day?
•If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you
still take drug or alcohol?
•Have you ever smoked more than you
intended to?
•Have you ever neglected a duty because you
were smoking, or so that you could have a
cigarette?

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STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
QUESTIONAIRE
•What was the age when you started having addiction?
•What makes you want to take drug?
• Was there anyone in your family who is also addicted?
•Did you start the treatment as soon as you started having
the addiction?
•Do you think addiction has affected your normal life?
•Which was the first problem you started to have at the
onset of addiction?
•Are you satisfied with the available treatment of this
disease?
•Do you think the treatment of this disease is an expensive
process?
•Is Guwahati an appropriate place for the treatment of this
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disease?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
•Internet (Wikipedia)
•NCERT biology class XI
•Some diabetic patients
Online library

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