Training done in :- “IoT using Raspberry pi”

From :- CETPA INFOTECH PRIVATE LIMITED

Course Duration :- Six Weeks

Submitted to :- Krishan Gopal Submitted by :- Kaptan Singh

Assistant Professor ECE Dept. Roll no. :- 251601142
 In a nutshell, the Internet of Things is the concept of
connecting any device (so long as it has an on/off switch)
to the Internet and to other connected devices. The IoT is a
giant network of connected things and people – all of
which collect and share data about the way they are used
and about the environment around them.
 That includes an extraordinary number of objects of all
shapes and sizes – from smart microwaves, which
automatically cook your food for the right length of time,
to self-driving cars, whose complex sensors detect objects
in their path, to wearable fitness devices that measure
your heart rate and the number of steps you’ve taken that
day, then use that information to suggest exercise plans
tailored to you. There are even connected footballs that
can track how far and fast they are thrown and record
those statistics via an app for future training purposes.
 Devices and objects with built in sensors are connected to an Internet of
Things platform, which integrates data from the different devices and
applies analytics to share the most valuable information with
applications built to address specific needs.
 These powerful IoT platforms can pinpoint exactly what information is
useful and what can safely be ignored. This information can be used to
detect patterns, make recommendations, and detect possible problems
before they occur.
 For example, if I own a car manufacturing business, I might want to
know which optional components (leather seats or alloy wheels, for
example) are the most popular. Using Internet of Things technology, I
can:
 Use sensors to detect which areas in a showroom are the most popular,
and where customers linger longest;
 Drill down into the available sales data to identify which components are
selling fastest;
 Automatically align sales data with supply, so that popular items don’t
go out of stock.
 The information picked up by connected devices enables me to make
smart decisions about which components to stock up on, based on real-
time information, which helps me save time and money.
 With the insight provided by advanced analytics comes the power to
make processes more efficient. Smart objects and systems mean you can
automate certain tasks, particularly when these are repetitive, mundane,
time-consuming or even dangerous. Let’s look at some examples to see
 An Internet of Things (IoT) gateway is a physical device or software
program that serves as the connection point between
the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices. All data
moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the gateway, which can
be either a dedicated hardware appliance or software program. An IoT
gateway may also be referred to as an intelligent gateway or a control
tier.
 Some sensors generate tens of thousands of data points per second. A
gateway provides a place to preprocess that data locally at
the edge before sending it on to the cloud. When data is aggregated,
summarized and tactically analyzed at the edge, it minimizes the volume
of data that needs to be forwarded on to the cloud, which can have a big
impact on response times and network transmission costs.
 Another benefit of an IoT gateway is that it can provide additional
security for the IoT network and the data it transports. Because the
gateway manages information moving in both directions, it can protect
data moving to the cloud from leaks and IoT devices from being
compromised by malicious outside attacks with features such as tamper
detection, encryption, hardware random number generators and crypto
engines.

 IoT Cloud is a platform from Salesforce.com that is designed
to store and process Internet of Things (IoT) data. The IoT Cloud is
powered by Thunder, which Salesforce.com describes as a
"massively scalable real-time event processing engine." The
platform is built to take in the massive volumes of data generated
by devices, sensors, websites, applications, customers and
partners and initiate actions for real-time responses. For example,
wind turbines could adjust their behavior based on current weather
data; airline passengers whose connecting flights are delayed or
cancelled could be rebooked before the planes they are on have
landed.
 In another context, IoT Cloud can provide business users with
much a much more comprehensive and integrated perspective on
customers, without requiring technical expertise or the services of
a data analyst. The platform can take in billions of events a day
and users can build rules that specify events to act on and what
actions to take. IoT cloud is data format- and product-agnostic;
output connectors allow communication with Salesforce clouds
or third-party services.
 Definition
 A sensor is a device that receives a stimulus and
responds with an electrical signal.

Fig 1.1

Level control system. A sight tube and the operator’s

eye form a sensor.
 There are numerous definitions as to what a
sensor is but I would like to define a Sensor as an
input device which provides an output (signal)
with respect to a specific physical quantity
(input).
 The term “input device” in the definition of a
Sensor means that it is part of a bigger system
which provides input to a main control system
(like a Processor or a Microcontroller).
 Another unique definition of a Sensor is as
follows: It is a device that converts signals from
one energy domain to electrical domain.
 Motion, position,  Sound
displacement  Moisture
 Velocity and  Light
acceleration  Radiation
 Force, strain  Temperature
 Pressure  Chemical presence
 Flow

These quantities are the stimulus.

 1 Based on the quantity being measured
 Temperature: Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), Thermistor,
Thermocouple
 Pressure: Bourdon tube, manometer, diaphragms, pressure gauge
 Force/ torque: Strain gauge, load cell
 Speed/ position: Tachometer, encoder, LVDT
 Light: Photo-diode, Light dependent resistor
2 Active and passive sensors:
Based on power requirement sensors can be classified as active and
passive. Active sensors are those which do not require external power
source for their functioning. They generate power within themselves to
operate and hence called as self-generating type. The energy for
functioning is derived from the quantity being measured. For example
piezoelectric crystal generate electrical output (charge) when subjected
to acceleration.
Passive sensors require external power source for their functioning.
Most of the resistive, inductive and capacitive sensors are passive (just
as resistors, inductors and capacitors are called passive devices).
3 Analog and digital sensor: An analog sensor
converts the physical quantity being measured
to analog form (continuous in time).
Thermocouple, RTD, Strain gauge are called
analog sensors. A digital sensor produces
output in the form of pulse. Encoders are
example of digital sensors.
4 Inverse sensors: There are some sensors which
are capable of sensing a physical quantity to
convert it to other form and also sense the
output signal form to get back the quantity in
original form. For example a piezoelectric
crystal when subjected to vibration generates
voltage. At the same time when a piezo crystal
is subjected to varying voltage they begin to
vibrate. This property make them suitable to use
in microphone and speakers.
 The following is a list of different types of sensors that are
commonly used in various applications. All these sensors
are used for measuring one of the physical properties like
Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat
Transfer etc.
 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 One of the most common and most popular sensor is
the Temperature Sensor. A Temperature Sensor, as the
name suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it measures
the changes in the temperature.
 In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in the
Temperature correspond to change in its physical
property like resistance or voltage.
 There are different types of Temperature Sensors like
Temperature Sensor ICs (like LM35), Thermistors,
Thermocouples, RTD (Resistive Temperature Devices),
etc.
 Temperature Sensors are used everywhere like
computers, mobile phones, automobiles, air
conditioning systems, industries etc.
 Humidity Sensor is one of the most important
devices that has been widely in consumer,
industrial, biomedical, and environmental etc.
applications for measuring and monitoring
Humidity.
 Humidity is defined as the amount of water present
in the surrounding air. This water content in the air
is a key factor in the wellness of mankind
 Electronic sensors measure humidity by measuring
the capacitance or resistance of air samples. For a
capacitive hygrometer, the air flows in between two
metal plates. The change in air moisture directly
proportional to the change in capacitance between
the plates. In a resistive hygrometer, a ceramic or
conductive polymer absorbs moisture which then
affects its resistivity. is connected to a circuit where
the moisture affects the resistance of the material.
The relative humidity is then determined based on
the change in current.
 A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor
that detects the presence of an object. Proximity
Sensors can be implemented using different
techniques like Optical (like Infrared or Laser),
Ultrasonic, Hall Effect, Capacitive, etc.
 Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are
Mobile Phones, Cars (Parking Sensors), industries
(object alignment), Ground Proximity in Aircrafts,
etc.
 Proximity Sensor in Reverse Parking is
implemented in this Project: REVERSE PARKING
SENSOR CIRCUIT.
 IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used
in various applications like Proximity and Object Detection. IR
Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile
phones.
 There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type
and Reflective Type. In Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR
Transmitter (usually an IR LED) and the IR Detector (usually a
Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so that when an
object passes between them, the sensor detects the object.
 The other type of IR Sensor is a Reflective Type IR Sensor. In this,
the transmitter and the detector are positioned adjacent to each
other facing the object. When an object comes in front of the
sensor, the sensor detects the object.
 Different applications where IR Sensor is implemented are Mobile
Phones, Robots, Industrial assembly, automobiles etc.
 An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type
device that can be used to measure distance
as well as velocity of an object. An Ultrasonic
Sensor works based on the properties of the
sound waves with frequency greater than that
of the human audible range.
 Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an
Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the distance of
the object (similar to SONAR). The Doppler
Shift property of the sound wave is used to
measure the velocity of an object.
 A Light Detector or a Light Sensor is a device
or circuit that detects the intensity of the
light incident on it. Different types of light
detectors are LDRs (or Light Dependent
Resistors), Photo Diodes, Photo Transistors,
etc.
 All these devices are called as Photoelectric
Devices as they convert light energy to
electric energy. These Light Detectors or
Sensors can detect different types of light like
visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light
etc.
 RFID refers to a technology whereby digital data encoded in RFID tags or
smart labels are captured by a reader via radio waves. RFID is similar to
bar-coding in that data from a tag or label are captured by a device that
stores the data in a database. RFID, however, has several advantages
over systems that use barcode asset tracking software. The most notable
is that RFID tag data can be read outside the line-of-sight, whereas
barcodes must be aligned with an optical scanner.
 RFID belongs to a group of technologies referred to as Automatic
Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). AIDC methods automatically
identify objects, collect data about them, and enter those data directly
into computer systems with little or no human intervention. RFID
methods utilize radio waves to accomplish this. At a simple level, RFID
systems consist of three components: an RFID tag or smart label, an
RFID reader, and an antenna. RFID tags contain an integrated circuit and
an antenna, which are used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also
called an interrogator). The reader then converts the radio waves to a
more usable form of data. Information collected from the tags is then
transferred through a communications interface to a host computer
system, where the data can be stored in a database and analyzed at a
later time.
 Thingworx is one of the leading IoT platforms for
industrial companies, which provides easy
connectivity for devices. It enables the
experience from today’s connected world.
Thingworx 8 is a better, faster, easier platform,
providing functionality to build, deploy, and
extend industrial projects and apps.
 It offers basic features, such as:
 Easy connectivity with electronic devices, like sensors and RFIDs
 You can work remotely once you are done with the setup
 Pre-built widgets for the dashboard
 Remove Complexity of the project
 Integrated machine learning

Pros
 Easy web page designs for customers
 Easy to manage devices
 Simple connectivity solutions
Cons
 Difficult to use with custom programs in C#
 Hard to manage complex systems.
 The limitation to install edge program on a custom platform.
 Amazon made it much easier for developers
to collect data from sensors and Internet-
connected devices. They help you collect and
send data to the cloud and analyze that
information to provide the ability to manage
devices.
 It offers basic features, such as:
 You can easily interact with your application with the
devices even they are offline.
 Main features of the AWS IoT platform are:
 Device management
 Secure gateway for devices
 Authentication and encryption
 Device shadow

 Pros
 Good integration with lass offering.
 Price dropped over the last six years
 Open and flexible
 Cons
 A big learning curve for AWS
 Three outages in the last 2 years
 Not secure for hosting critical enterprise applications
 Thingspeak is an open-source platform that
allows you to collect and store sensor data to the
cloud. It provides you the app to analyze and
visualize your data in Matlab. You can use
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Beaglebone to send
sensor data. You can create a separate channel to
store data
 Features of Thingspeak:
 Collect data in private channels
 App integration
 Event scheduling
 MATLAB analytic and visualization

 Pros
 Free hosting for channels
 Easy visualization
 Provides additional features for Ruby, Node.js,
and Python
 Cons
 Limited data uploading for API
 ThingSpeak API can be a hurdle for beginner
 What is Adafruit.IO? It is a solution for the
construction of applications IoT created by Adafruit
Industries, the well-known open-source hardware
marketer, have created this platform for the internet
of things based on platforms known
as Arduino, Raspberry pi, ESP8266, Intel Galileo,
Serial devices And Wi-Fi among others. The
Communication API is based on MQTT client with
Adafruit servers. In a few minutes you can create a
high quality dashboard.
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
THANK YOU