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Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
performance
Sub-topics
performance
Sub-topics
Learning is a relatively permanent change in
3. Principles of
performance brought about by experience,
skill learning excluding changes due to maturation and
degeneration.
performance
Sub-topics
3. Principles of
Research/Thinking Task: Consider the
skill learning
differences/implications for a coach when
designing a training session for performance Vs
learning.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
performance
Sub-topics
Is a skilled performer accurate and/or precise?
3. Principles of
skill learning
What about a novice?
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Sub-topics
1) Cognitive/Verbal Stage
3. Principles of
skill learning
Is the earliest phase of learning. There is quite
a lot of trial and error in this stage, the
beginner trying out certain movements which
may be successful or fail.
Honeybourne et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Sub-topics
2) The associative/motor/practice stage
3. Principles of
skill learning In this stage the performer practices, and
compares or associates the movements
produced with the mental image. This is the
stage at which feedback occurs and the
learner gradually becomes more aware of the
increasingly subtle and complex cues. During this
stage a vast improvement in performance
usually occurs.
Honeybourne et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Sub-topics
Sub-topics
curve
Sub-topics
A learning curve is a way to evaluate the extent
to which a skill is being learnt by plotting
3. Principles of measures of practice versus measures of
performance.
skill learning
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
curve
Sub-topics
Linear
3. Principles of As practice increases, so does performance in a
skill learning
proportional relationship.
Units
Of Performance
Features and possible reasons:
Practice is successful
Practice is beneficial
High motivation
Positive coaching
Units of practice Simplicity of the skill
Performer is interested in the skill
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Topic2:
Core
Factors
Skill
5:
in sport
5.3.3 Outline the different types of learning curve
time to learn).
Features and possible reasons:
Increasing task complexity
Information overload in
Units
early stages
of
performance Learner gradually
developing an interest
Units of practice
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
curve
Sub-topics
After steady improvements in performance, a
3. Principles of
learning plateau is a stage where there appears to
skill learning
be little or no improvement. This can be due to:
Lack of motivation
Fatigue (over-training)
Fundamentals learnt, next skill difficult
Limited time devoted to practice
Injury
Coach unable to connect with athlete
Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.
Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.
Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.
Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Topic 5:
Skill in sport Negatively accelerated curve
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Sub topics This indicates little learning is taking place for a short
time and then skill attainment continues.
3. Principles of
Features and possible reasons:
skill learning
Lack of practice
Declining interest
Lack of drive or motivation
Units
Inability of coach to
of
provide skills and
performance knowledge
Injury
A poor grasp of the
fundamentals
Units of practice
Slide reference: Reference 1: Board of Studies NSW (1999). Personal development, health and physical education: Stage 6 syllabus.
Ruskin, R., Proctor, K. & Neeves, D. (2001). Reference 2: Browne, S. (2001). HSC core 2 health priorities in Aust.: Summary quest. & sample HSC extended responses.
Outcomes 2: Personal Development, Health & Reference 3: Browne, S., et. al. (2000). PDHPE application and inquiry: HSC course. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.
Physical Education HSC Course Reference 4: Buchanan, D. & Nemec, M. (2003). HSC PDHPE. McMillan Education Australia: Melbourne.
John Wiley & Sons, Milton. Reference 5: Charles Sturt University. NSW HSC online. Available: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
5.3.4 Discuss factors that contribute to
different rates of learning
Skill in sport
Sub topics
Physical maturation
Physical fitness
Motivation
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.5 Define the concept of transfer
Sub topics
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.5 Define the concept of transfer
Sub topics
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Positive transfer –
3. Principles of
skill learning
A player involved in team games, such as football
or hockey, would be able to transfer their spatial
awareness, tactical understanding of passing from
one game to another.
Wesson et.al 2005
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Negative
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Zero Transfer
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of positive transfer
Sub topics
3. Principles of
Skill to Skill
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Practice to performance
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Abilities to Skill
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Stage to Stage:
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Principles to skills
3. Principles of
skill learning
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.6 Outline the types of transfer
Sub topics
Skill to skill
Practice to performance
Abilities to skills
Bilateral
Stage to stage
Principles to skills
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
Sub topics
Distributed practice: is seen as practice with
3. Principles of relatively long breaks or rest periods between each
attempt or block of attempts
skill learning
Less experienced
Less motivated
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
Sub topics
Massed practice: is seen as being almost continuous
3. Principles of practice with very little or no rest at all between
attempts or blocks of trials.
skill learning
Older
Fitter
More motivated
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
Sub topics
Fixed (drill) practice:
3. Principles of
skill learning
a specific movement is practiced repeatedly, often referred
to as a drill. This type of practice is ideal for skills that are
always performed in the same way, that do not require
adapting to the environment. Closed, interactive and
coactive skills tend to require fixed practice to allow the
motor sequence to be perfected, since they will remain the
same in practice as they will in competition .
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/continuum.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
Sub topics
Variable practice:
3. Principles of
skill learning
practicing a skill in a variety of different contexts and
experiencing the full range of situations in which the
technique or tactic might be used in competition. The
learner applies the skill to a number of different
environments in practice, allowing both the development
of the skill and the ability to adapt the skill to a range of
possible situations. This is vital for open and interactive
skills
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/continuum.htm
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
Sub topics
Variable practice:
3. Principles of
skill learning
Skills practiced in new/different situations.
Useful for open skills.
Helps the development of schema.
Helps performer adapt to meet the demands of the
situation.
Practice should be similar to real game situation.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
3. Principles of
skill learning
Is the mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill without
actual physical movement.
In the early stages of learning (cognitive phase) mental
rehearsal is initially seen as the learner going through a
skill/task and building up a mental picture of the expected
performance in their mind (cognitive process).
Advanced performers can use mental practice to rehearse
possible alternative strategies or complex actions
/sequences, thus almost pre-programming their effector
systems and possibly helping with response preparation,
reactions and anticipation.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.7 Outline the different types of practice
3. Principles of
skill learning
Top skiers use it to rehearse turns, imagine the approach
to gates and certain aspects of terrain.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning
• Skills which are very complex but low in organisation lend
themselves to being practised and learned more effectively
by the parts method. An additional consideration is again
how interrelated or independent the sub-routines are.
• Activities such as freestyle are not too complex but low in
organisation lend themselves to being taught by the part
method.
• The arms action, breathing pattern and leg action can be
analysed and taught individually.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning
• Activities such as freestyle are not too complex but low in
organisation lend themselves to being taught by the part
method.
• The arms action, breathing pattern and leg action can be
analysed and taught individually.
• However, if the beginner does not experience the whole
stroke there is possibility that the kinaesthetic feel for the
whole action could be lost.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning
• A variation on whole or part method is often used with
performers in the Cognitive/Associative stages is whole-
part-whole practice. The teacher/coach introduces the
complete skill, highlighting the important elements. The
performer then attempts to carry out the skill. As a result
of any problems or faults observed the teacher then breaks
the whole skill down into sub-routines in order to allow the
learner to practice appropriate areas of difficulty.
• Once the teacher is satisfied that the problem areas have
been mastered the parts are integrated back into the
whole skill.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning Activity: Give an example of the use of Whole-Part-
whole Method in the sport of your choice.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning The progressive part method is where earlier independent
actions change their form to become something totally
different.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.8 Explain the different types of presentation
3. Principles of
skill learning A gymnast coach trying to develop a gymnast’s routine
would often follow the progressive part method.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
3. Principles of
skill learning This is the authoritarian style. Within this approach there is
little consideration given to the individual with all learners
treated very much in the same way.
This style is thought to inhibit cognitive learning as
thinking and questioning are not encouraged by the
teacher.
The teacher is in full control of decision making process
and the learner is not allowed to develop responsibility for
their own learning.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
3. Principles of
skill learning This can result in the learner becoming a clone of the
teacher.
It has limitations for developing open skills as these
require the performer to adapt and make their own
decisions.
It is useful when working with beginners, large groups and
in dangerous and limited time situations where safety is
paramount.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
3. Principles of
skill learning Although what is taught is still determined by the teacher,
it allows learners to take slightly more responsibility and
become more involved in the decision making process.
The sessions are structured in order that the objectives are
clearly stated to the learners.
This situation lends itself to greater social interaction than
the command style.
The teacher is still required to give regular feedback and
monitor progress.
Wesson et.al 2004
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science Skill in sport
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
3. Principles of
skill learning This style of teaching is useful in developing a learner’s:
Self image
Confidence
Communication skills (encourage interaction)
Cognitive strategies (encourage decision making)
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
3. Principles of
skill learning The problem solving approach encourages students to be
creative and develop their individual cognitive and
performance processes.
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles
Sub topics
Problem-solving approach
3. Principles of
skill learning
For example:
Core 2:
Topic 5:
Skill in sport
5.3.9 Outline the spectrum of teaching styles