UNIT - IV

Data structure and input processing

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 1/5

 Internet Protocol (IP)

• IP provides connectionless (datagram) service

• Each packet treated separately
• Network layer protocol common to all routers
– which is the Internet Protocol (IP)

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 2/5

 Internet Protocol Operation

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 3

 Design Issues

• Routing
• Datagram lifetime
• Fragmentation and re-assembly
• Error control
• Flow control
• Addressing

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 4

 Internet Protocol (IP) Version 4

• Part of TCP/IP
– Used by the Internet
• Specifies interface with higher layer
– e.g. TCP
• Specifies protocol format and mechanisms
• RFC 791

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 5

 IP Services

• Information and commands exchanged across

adjacent layers (e.g. between IP and TCP)
• Primitives (functions to be performed)
– Send
• Request transmission of data unit
– Deliver
• Notify user of arrival of data unit
• Parameters
– Used to pass data and control info

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 6

 IPv4 Header

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 7

 IPv4 Address Formats

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 8

 Classful Addressing

• In classful addressing the address space is divided into 5

classes:
– A, B, C, D, and E.

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 9

 Classless Addresses

• Extension of subnet idea to the whole Internet

• Assigning IP numbers at any size together with a subnet
number
• A precaution against exhaustion of IP addresses
• Special notation (CIDR notation)
– network address/number of 1-bits in the mask
– e.g. 128.140.168.0/21

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 10

 Network Configuration

• IP address is the address of a connection (not of a computer or

router)

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 11

 CIDR

• If a network grows to more than 255 hosts, it may want a Class

B address.
• One possible way of avoiding is to handle many Class C
routing addresses -- but then, for this one network, each router
has to maintain multiple routing entries.
• CIDR is an attempt to balance the desire to minimize the
number of routes that a router needs to know versus the need
to hand out addresses efficiently.
• CIDR enables aggregation of routes !

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 12

 CIDR Address Assignment

14-Oct-19 16CS409 -TCP/IP DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION 13