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B C
D E
α
b
O x
a A
Unit cell
The unit cell and,
consequently, the
entire lattice, is
uniquely determined by
the six lattice
constants: a, b, c, α, β
and γ. These six
parameters are also
called as basic lattice
parameters.
Classification of Matter
Solids
A solid is one of the three states of matter, in which
atoms are closely packed as compared to the other
two states.
Crystalline
Non-Crystalline (Amorphous)
A combination of two.
What is a Crystalline solid?
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material, whose
constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in
an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three
spatial dimensions.
• Metallic Crystals:
Copper, Silver, Aluminium, Tungsten, Magnesium
etc…
Crystalline Solid
Amorphous Solid
• Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solid is composed of
randomly orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do
not form defined patterns or lattice structures.
• scc: 1 atom
• Body- centered cubic (BCC) structure:
• A bcc unit cell has one atom in the centre of
the cube and one atom each at all the corners.
Of course, the corner atom is shared by other
adjoining body center cubes.
• Thus the unit cell of bcc structure contains
• Examples :-
Aluminum (a = 0.405)
Gold (a = 0.408)
a volume
atoms atom
R=0.5a unit cell 4
1 (0.5a)3
3
APF =
close-packed directions
contains 8 x 1/8 = a3 volume
1 atom/unit cell unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.19,
Callister 6e.
Lattice constant
• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal
Structure
• Each atom has 8 nearest neighbors.
• Therefore, coordination number is 8.
• Examples :-
Chromium (a=0.289 nm)
Iron (a=0.287 nm)
Sodium (a=0.429 nm)
(8x1/8) + 1 = 2 atoms
Figure 3.5
Therefore, lattice 4R
constant a =
3
Atomic Packing Factor of BCC
Structure
Volume of atoms in unit cell
Atomic Packing Factor =
Volume of unit cell
4 R 3
Vatoms = 2. = 8.373R3
3
3
4R
V unit cell = a3 = = 12.32 R3
3
8.723 R3 = 0.68
Therefore APF = 12.32 R3
BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
(BCC)
• Coordination # = 8
(8 x 1/8)+ (6 x ½) = 4 atoms
Therefore, lattice 4R
constant a =
2 Figure 3.7
FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
(FCC)
• Coordination # = 12