EARTH’S MATERIALS

AND PROCESSES

MARILYN P. MIFUEL
INHS-SHS
JULY 2018
ENDOGENIC PROCESS…
WHAT’S THE STORY?
 ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
• are internal processes that occur
beneath the Earth

• These results to the reshaping of the

Earth’s landforms

• include Tectonic processes (folding,

faulting and shearing), tectonic forces
and volcanism

• TECTONICS – study of the processes

that deform Earth’s crust.
TECTONIC PROCESSES:

THEORIES AND PLATE

BOUNDARIES
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

• proposed by Alfred Lothar

Wegener in 1912

• states that a huge landmass

called Pangaea broke up or
drifted 220 million years ago into
continents. It is surrounded by a
super ocean called Panthalassa.
 EVIDENCES OF THE
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

• Fit of the continents

• Fossils of ancient plants and animals
• Rocks are of the same age and
composition
• Paleoclimatic indicators
- glacial striation
- coal deposits
REASON WHY THE CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY WAS NOT
ACCEPTED IS DUE TO ITS
INABILITY TO EXPLAIN THE
MECHANISM WHY THE
CONTINENTS MOVE.
 PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
• A theory which proposes that the
lithosphere is made up of seven large
plates and numerous smaller segments.
*These plates rest upon the soft layer of
asthenosphere. They move relative to
each number.
* the driving force for the plate
movement is the convection current in
the mantle (mantle convection) where
warm rocks rises and cooler rocks sink.
TECTONIC PLATES
 SUPPORTING EVIDENCES ON THE
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
• Paleomagnetism – a study of
magnetism on rocks showing the
Earth’s magnetic field reverses polarity,
periodically (Magnetic reversal)

• Distribution of earthquakes

• Seafloor spreading – oceanic crust

move away relative to each other at
the divergent boundaries, creating
new crust
 PLATE BOUNDARIES

divergent
Convergent
boundary
boundaries

Transform
boundary
 LAND FORMATION DUE TO PLATE
INTERACTIONS
• Convergent plate boundary
A. continental-continental interaction – mountains and
mountain ranges
B. continental-oceanic interaction – volcanic arc, trench
C. oceanic-oceanic interaction – island arc, trench

• Divergent plate boundary

A. Continental- continental – rift valley
B. Oceanic-oceanic – volcano, ridges (underwater
mountain range)

• Transform plate boundary

OCEAN BASIN
PARTS OF THE OCEAN
BASIN
 PARTS OF THE OCEAN
BASIN
• Continental shelf – a relatively shallow gently
sloping part of the continental crust that
borders the continent.
- average depth is depth 130 m with a
maximum width of about 1 300 km
- serves as a rich fishing ground and
contains deposits of minerals, petroleum
and gas.
• Continental slope – next to the continental
shelf and leads to deep water, quite deep.
- represents the true edge of the
continent and extends downward to a
depth of about 4 km.
 PARTS OF THE OCEAN
BASIN
• Continental break – boundary between the slope and the
shelf.
- its significant feature is the presence of submarine
canyons.

• Continental rise – more gradual incline area after the

slope.
- links the deep ocean basin floor to the continental
slope.

• Ocean floor – formed at the base of the Continental

rise.
- about 4 000 to 6 000 m deep.
- accounts for nearly 30% of the Earth’s surface.
- consists of the relatively thin basaltic rock
- many volcanoes are found here
TECTONIC FORCES AND
PROCESSES
 FAULTING
• The fracturing and displacement of
brittle rock strata along a fault plane.
FAULT – fractures along the crust.
- sharp break in rock with a
slippage of the crustal block on one
side with respect to the block on the
other
- has different types:
a. Dip-slip
b. Strike-slip
c. Oblique-slip
KINDS OF FAULTING
 NORMAL FAULT:
THE CRUST IN ONE SIDE IS ELEVATED
RELATIVE TO THE OTHER SCARP

GRABEN: A TRENCH WITH A STRAIGHT

PARALLEL WALL IN BETWEEN 2 NORMAL
FAULTS

HORST: NARROW, BLOCK ELEVATED

BETWEEN 2 NORMAL FAULTS
(MOUNTAIN, PLATAEU-LIKE)
 FAULTS AND FAULT LANDFORMS
THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY IS A GRABEN
 FAULTS AND FAULT LANDFORMS
TRANSCURRENT OR STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ARE PRODUCED WHEN
TECTONIC PLATES MOVE PAST EACH OTHER HORIZONTALLY
 REVERSE AND OVERTHRUST FAULTS
ARE PRODUCED BY COMPRESSION IN
THE CRUST
 horst
graben
 FOLDING
• A process in which rocks are pushed
towards each other from opposite sides.
• Folds – bends in rocks caused by
horizontal compressive stresses.
- can be anticline or syncline
*DOME – a circular or elliptical anticline in
which the limbs dip away in all direction
*BASIN – a circular or elliptical syncline in
which the limbs dip toward the center
FOLDS are corrugations of strata caused by
crustal compression
FOLDING
 IGNEOUS PROCESS

VOLCANISM, ALSO
SPELLED VULCANISM, ANY OF
VARIOUS PROCESSES AND
PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SURFICIAL DISCHARGE OF MOLTEN
ROCK, PYROCLASTIC FRAGMENTS,
OR HOT WATER AND STEAM,
INCLUDING VOLCANOES, GEYSERS
AND FUMAROLES.
https://www.britannica.com/science/volcani
sm
 IGNEOUS PROCESS:
VULCANISM AND PLUTONISM
IGNEOUS -Rock that cools and hardens
from molten material (magma or lava)
Often very resistant to erosion
Typically form uplands or mountains

Two types: intrusive & extrusive

Magma is molten rock below surface
Lava is molten rock above surface
VOLCANISM
• Granite is a type of igneous (intrusive), that is
very resistant to erosion and decay.
• INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS cool slowly, so develop visible
mineral crystals
• Lava—igneous rock that cools and hardens
above Earth’s surface.
• EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS rock cools much faster and
only has microscopic crystals
• INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK FORMS
• Plutons
• Batholiths
• Sills
• Dikes
• Laccoliths
• INTRUSIVE IR
- GABBRO,
DIORITE
- GRANITE
- PERIDOTITE

• EXTRUSIVE IR
- BASALT
- OBSIDIAN
- PUMICE
- SCORIA
- RHYOLITE
 VOLCANISM AND
TECTONICS
• VOLCANO – a landform that
resembles a mountain but has an
opening or vent where magma, lava,
ash, gases and other materials are
being released.

• Pacific Ring of Fire – an area in the

Circum-Pacific where most of the
world’s active volcanoes are found.
MAGMA AND VOLCANIC
MATERIALS
VULCANIC GASES MIX WITH
ATMOSPHERE

VULCANIC ERUPTION, EXTRUSION

OF LAVA

MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION,
INTRUSION, STAGNATION,
CRYSTALLIZATION

MAGMA RISES

PARTIAL MELTING,
ORIGIN OF MAGMA
 CONDITIONS FOR
MAGMA PRODUCTION

1. Increased temperature due to

friction

2. Addition of water to the

asthenosphere

3. Pressure-relief melting
 MATERIALS RELEASED
DURING ERUPTIONS
1. Gases – aside from water vapor and carbon
dioxide, toxic gases like carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide,
hydrochloric acid are emitted.
2. Liquids - like steam
3. Solids – known as pyroclastics (fire-broken
fragments)
a. Volcanic blocks – greater then 32 mm
b. Cinders or lapilli – between 4 to 32 mm
c. Volcanic ash – less than 2 mm in diameter
d. Volcanic dust – less than 0.25 mm in
diameter
 EARTHQUAKES
• Earthquake: a trembling
or shaking of the ground
produced by passing
seismic waves
• Most earthquakes
produced by sudden
slippage along faults
• Energy builds up until
the fault slips, releasing
seismic waves
• Earthquake magnitudes
may be described on the
Richter Scale
• Earthquakes usually occur on plate boundaries
•Large-magnitude earthquakes are generated
along subduction zones
•Transcurrent faults on transform boundaries cause
moderate to strong earthquakes
•Spreading plate boundaries produce moderate
earthquakes
•Some earthquakes occur in the centers of
continents, away from plate boundaries
Earthquakes Along the
San Andreas Fault
San Francisco
Earthquake, 1906
•700 lives lost
•$30 billion damage
•Generated by
movement on San
Andreas Fault
•This portion of the
San Andreas has not
moved since 1906
 SEISMIC SEA WAVES
TSUNAMI: TRAIN OF SEA WAVES TRIGGERED BY AN
EARTHQUAKE (OR OTHER SEAFLOOR DISTURBANCE)
TRAVELING OVER THE OCEAN SURFACE

Banda Aceh, Indonesia, before Kalutara Beach, Sri Lanka,

and after 2004 tsunami before and during 2004 tsunami
 SUMMARY
• Forces of tension work horizontally, but in opposite
directions.
• Under the operation of intense tensional forces, the
rock stratum gets broken or fractured which results in
the formation of cracks and fractures in the crust.
• The displacement of rock upward or downward
from their original position along such a fracture is
termed as faulting.
• The line along which displacement of the fractured
rock strata take place is called as the fault line.
• Faulting results in the formation of well-known relief
features such as Rift Valleys and Block
Mountains. (E.g. Vindhya and Satpura Mountains)
• A rift valley is formed by sinking of
rock strata lying between two almost
parallel faults. (E.g. Valley of Nile, Rift
valley of Narmada and Tapti )
• Rift valleys with steep parallel walls
along the fault are called
as Graben and the uplifted landmass
with steep slopes on both sides are
called as Horst.
• The very steep slope in a continuous
line along a fault is termed
as Escarpment.
 CHECKPOINT:
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
• IDENTIFICATION
1. The driving force for plate tectonics
2. Phenomena associated with the discharge of
molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot
water and steam
3. An area in the Circum-Pacific where most of
the world’s active volcanoes are found.
4. Sharp break in rock with a slippage of the
crustal block on one side with respect to the
block on the other
5. Bends in rocks caused by horizontal
compressive stresses.
6. A trench with a straight parallel wall
in between 2 normal faults
7. A plate interaction forming
mountains and mountain ranges
8. A plate interaction forming volcano
and underwater mountain ranges
9. (T-F). Mountains are volcanoes;
volcanoes are mountains
10. (T-F). Both endogenic and exogenic
processes create landforms and
constantly help shape and re-shape
planet Earth
II. Enumeration
1-3 Areas where magma form
4-6 conditions for magma
production
7-10 kinds of igneous intrusion
 SUGGESTED VIDEO

• 1. magma formation
• 2.magmatism and volcanism
• 3.introduction to volcanism
• 4. Plutonic and volcanic eruption
• 5. origin of magma
• What are endogenic processes?
• 6. who melted the Earth
 DRRM PERFORMANCE TASK
• Create a magazine, brochure, or flyer on WHAT TO DO before, during and after a
particular catastrophe based on the following assignment:
• Group 1- EARTHQUAKE – magnitude and intensity; with (Tsunami, Landslide)
• Group 2 – TYPHOON- signal number and rainfall alert warning; with (Storm Surge,
Flood- water alert level )
• Group 3- Buhawi/ Pugada/ Ipo-ipo
• Group 4- Thunderstorm (kilat-Dagoob)
• Group 5- FIRE/ Sunog (sources: LPG, electrical/ electronic, petroleum, plastic, etc)
• Details of the mags or flyer include:
• Front- Title (with design); Group Members (Names arranged in alphabetical order)
• Body- Introduction (related reports/ updates), Origin, What is?, WHAT TO DO? Easy TIPS,
Hazard Prone Area in Panay, etc.
• Back – Group Quotation related to the topic/ Punch lines, REFERENCES
• Draft of the flyer or mags must be presented to the teacher for checking
• Each member should have a copy of the mags or flyer
• Each member will conduct an INFO TALK (lecture)about the topic to his/ her family
members/community with at least 5 persons as audience. Interaction is encouraged.
Documentation is required (videotaped as MOV).
• Apply elements of art to make your material more presentable and appealing.
• With Ilonggo translation as the NEED arise.