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MATH241 (Differential Equations)
Ch 2.6 Exact Equations and Integrating Factors
(Page 95102)
Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 10 th edition, by
William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima, ©2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Consider a first order ODE of the form
M ( x , y ) N ( x, y ) y 0
• Suppose there is a function such that
x ( x, y ) M ( x, y ), y ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
and such that (x,y) = c defines y = (x) implicitly. Then
dy d
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y ) y x, ( x )
x y dx dx
and hence the original ODE becomes
d
x, ( x ) 0
dx
• Thus (x,y) = c defines a solution implicitly.
• In this case, the ODE is said to be exact.
Example 1: Exact Equation
• We have
x ( x, y ) M y cos x 2 xe y , y ( x, y ) N sin x x 2 e y 1
and
( x, y ) x ( x, y )dx y cos x 2 xe y dx y sin x x 2 e y C ( y )
• It follows that
y ( x, y ) sin x x 2 e y 1 sin x x 2 e y C ( y )
C ( y ) 1 C ( y ) y k
• Thus
( x, y ) y sin x x 2 e y y k
• By Theorem 2.6.1, the solution is given implicitly by
y sin x x 2 e y y c
Example 2:
Direction Field and Solution Curves (3 of 3)
• Our differential equation and solutions are given by
( y cos x 2 xe y ) (sin x x 2 e y 1) y 0,
y sin x x 2 e y y c
• A graph of the direction field for this differential equation,
along with several solution curves, is given below.
Exact Equation
If My = Nx, then M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 is an exact
equation.
Therefore, its solution is ψ(x, y) = c where ψx = M (Eq. 1) and
ψy = N (Eq. 2)
or